Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Cocci
A
one singular circular bacterial cell
2
Q
Diplococci
A
two circular bacterial cells
3
Q
Neimococci
A
coffee bean shaped double cocci
4
Q
Streptococcus
A
chain of cocci
5
Q
Staphylococcus
A
grape of cocci, S. aureus
6
Q
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
A
Smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio which increases the surface area of the cell membrane
7
Q
Hopanoids
A
similar to cholesterol in eukaryotes
8
Q
Group Translocation
A
beat the concentration gradient
9
Q
Siderophores
A
Bind to iron and transport to specific transporters
10
Q
Gram Positive
A
Thick outer layer of peptidoglycan, stains purple
11
Q
Gram Negative
A
Two membrane layers, thin layer of peptidoglycan, stains pink
12
Q
Peptidoglycan Structure
A
NAM/NAG, 1,4 B bond, transpeptidase
13
Q
Gram Staining
A
Fixation, Crystal Violet, Iodine, Decolorization, Safranin (Counterstain)
14
Q
Acid Fast Staining
A
Carbol Fushin, Heat Fix, Decolorization, Counterstain
15
Q
Penicillin
A
inhabits the transpeptidase enzyme from building the 1,4 bonds
16
Q
Lysozymes
A
hydrolyzes the bond between NAM/NAG
17
Q
Transpeptidase
A
cleaves a terminal D-alanine from one peptide chain
18
Q
LPS
A
endotoxin subunit, Gram negative, toll receptor TLR4, lipid A
19
Q
Lipid A
A
endotoxin, conserved
20
Q
Oligosaccharide
A
sugars, conserved
21
Q
O-antigen Polysaccharide
A
highly variable, target for antibody response
22
Q
TLR4
A
LPS
23
Q
TLR5
A
Flagellin
24
Q
TLR 7/8
A
Single stranded RNA, viruses, ssRNA
25
Acid Fast Bacterium
Tb/Leprosy
26
Gram Pos Bacterium
Bacillus
27
Gram Neg
E. coli
28
Acid-Fast
mycotic acid, waxy, gram positive only
29
Capsule
protection, adhesion, polysaccharide
30
Slime Layer
loose, unorganized layer, glycoproteins, glycolipids
31
Glycocalyx
polysaccharide slime
32
Chromosome
required, circular, slightly larger, non-transferrable, double stranded
33
Plasmid
smaller, accessory, slightly smaller, transferable, double stranded
34
ParA
DNA separation during cell division, bacteria specific
35
MinD
Cell division, bacteria specific
36
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
glycogens, magnetosomes, gas vesicles (storage sections of aggregates, housed in a protein shell)
37
Sporulation
DNA Replication
Septum Formation
Engulfment of Forespore
Cortex Formation
Release/Maturation
38
Endospore Staining
Green - Spore
Pink - Mother Cell
39
Tetanus
endocytosis, CNS, inhibitory neuron, cleaves synaptobrevin, inhibits GABA, unregulated ACTH, muscle contraction
40
Botulism
endocytosis, light chain cleaves syntax, ACTH vesicles no longer bind, muscle paralysis
41
Who is the scientist responsible for distinguishing bacteria and archaea genetically?
Carl Woese
42
Archaeal Membrane
isoprene, ether linkage, L-glycerol
43
Bacterial Membrane
unbranched fatty acids, ester linkage, D-glycerol
44
S Layer
protein layer, coats cell wall, protection, adhesion
45
Pseudomurein
NAT, 1,3 B
46
Methanogens
CO2 + H2 -> CH4, anaerobic
47
Halophiles
8-36% salt concentration, accumulation of compatible solutes, low O2, photoisomerization
48
Osmotic Stress
accumulation of compatible solutes to increase osmolarity inside, channel proteins increase KCl and NaCl levels, S-layers
49
Acetoclastic Methanogens
produce methane with acetate as final e- acceptor
50
What are the unique characteristics of thermophiles that allow them to cope with very hot and (in many cases) sulfur rich environments?
They have really heat stable enzymes and monolayer membranes
51
Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
GGAGGA (precedes the initiation codon)
52
LPS Function
negative charge contributor, stabilizes membrane, permeability barrier, protects against pathogens, toxin
53
Biofilms
layer of polysaccharides, many slime, capsular layers of many microbes
54
Pili
plasmid translocation
55
Type III Secretion System
bacterial apparatus to pump flagellum subunits through the hook to build filament
56
Microbiome
genetic catalog
57
Microbiota
cell catalog
58
Metagenome
all genomes in a system
59
Norman Pace
metagenomic sequencing
60
SRI
purple/red/blue light, both directions
61
SRII
blue light only, reverse
62
Archaea/Eukarya Similarities
No peptidoglycan, no antibiotic, have histones
63
Archaea/Bacteria Similarities
Circular chromosomes, no nuclear envelope, no membrane bound organelles
64
Monotrichous
one flagella
65
Lophotrichous
clustered one pole
66
Peritrichous
everywhere
67
Fimbriae
adhesive, shorter
68
Detergent
breaks cell membrane, can target hydrophobic/philic
69
Edward Jenner
smallpox vaccine, eradication, attenuated virus vaccine
70
Joseph Lister
sterile surgical techniques
71
Robert Koch
postulates
72
Pasteur
debunked spontaneous generation, swan-neck flask, germ theory
73
Three Light Microscopes
bright field, dark field, phase contrast
74
Basic Stains
give up OH- or gain H+, maintain positive charge (Crystal violet, methylene blue)
75
Dark Phase
diffracted ray out of phase, interference, dark objects against a light background
76
Bright Phase
direct ray out of phase, coincidence, light objects against a dark background
77
Resolution
the ability of a lens to distinguish between objects that are close together
78
Microbial Niches
Airways, Gut, Vaginal, Mouth
79
Relative Abundance
proportion of reads from one ASV (taxon) relative to the total number of reads in a sample
80
Alpha Diversity
within sample diversity, how many different types of microbial species are within that sample
81
Beta Diversity
between sample diversity, how do samples compare in terms of their phylogenetic similarity
82
Where are methanogens found?
wetlands, permafrost, guts of animals
83
How do methanogens contribute to climate change?
Methane is a worse greenhouse gas than CO2
84
Phototaxis
sensory rhodopsins are used to position archaeans with light rays that enhance energy production, preventing harmful rays like UV
85
ATP Production in O2 Limited Environments
in salty areas, rhodopsins produce ATP
86
Ways to Maintain Osmolarity
accumulate solutes, S-layer, channel proteins
87
Hyperthermophiles
sulfur as finel e- acceptor, 85C, monolayers
88
SRI
both forward and reverse movement, red/purple light
89
SRII
only reverse (phosphorylation of CheA)
90
Halorhodopsin
uses light to transport chloride ions into the cell, crucial at high salt environment
91
Methanogenesis
anaerobic degradation of organics, unfavorable, only when O2 is not available, fermented acetate/CO2
92
Archaean Motility Structures
Pilli, flagella, hami, cannulae
93
Archaeal Flagella
ATP fueled spin, no flagellin proteins, subunits added at the base, CW is a push (towards) not a tumble, more similar to IV pili proteins in bacterial flagella
94
Hami
hair-like appendages, grappling hooks
95
Cannulae
network of tube-like structures
96
Archaeal Membrane Phospholipids
branched isoprenes, L-glycerol, ether, NAT/NAG, 1,3 Beta, pseudomureins, S-Layer, monolayer
97
Pseudomurein
cell wall component found in some trachea, methanogens specifically, cross-link L-amino acids, NAT instead of NAM
98
What is special about capsular staining to allow us to see the capsules?
Negative staining technique, stains the background, since the capsule is non-stainable
99
Bacterial cell parts involved in the formation of biofilms
Flagella, fimbriae
100
Gram Negative Flagella
L/P rings
101
Bacterial Flagella
differs between positive and negative, Stator (MotA/MotB) attached to peptidoglycan layer, hook, filament, builds from the top
102
S. aureus
Gram positive, anaerobic, grape-like clusters
103
M. tuberculosis
acid-fast
104
M. leprae
acid-fast
105
M. smegmatis
acid-fast
106
E. coli
Gram negative, rod-shaped, peritrichous flagella
107
Robert Hooke
cell discovery
108
Leeuwenhoek
bacteria discovery, lake water
109
Onesimus
helped smallpox vaccine
110
Dominguez-Bello
C-sections
111
Fleming
Penicillin
112
Mary Hunt
mass production of penicillin
113
William Hinton
syphilis
114
Ivanovsky
virology
115
Koch's Postulates
Agent absent from unaffected, isolation, inoculation, re-isolation
