Quiz #2

Question 1

Hypersensitivity Reaction

Answer 1

An altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host

Question 2

Can ANAPHYLAXIS be life-threatening?

Answer 2

YES

Question 3

What is the most severe manifestation of an ALLERGY?

Answer 3

ANAPHYLAXIS

Question 4

Autoimmunity

Answer 4

Breakdown of tolerance during which the body’s immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign

Question 5

Alloimmunity

Answer 5

Individual’s immune system reacting against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species — e.g. transfusion reactions

Question 6

What are two significant effects of INFECTIOUS DISEASE?

Answer 6

DEATH and MORBIDITY

Question 7

When does a person experience STRESS?

Answer 7

A person experiences stress when a demand exceeds the person’s coping abilities

Question 8

What do STRESS and NEGATIVE EMOTIONS do?

Answer 8

Stress and negative emotions increase levels of PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, providing a possible link among stress, immune function, and disease

Question 9

What is a significant clinical manifestation of HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK?

Answer 9

Rapid heart rates - TACHYCARDIA

Question 10

NEUROGENIC (vasogenic) SHOCK

Answer 10

Widespread vasodilation occurs from an imbalance between parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

Question 11

What does NEUROGENIC (vasogenic) SHOCK cause?

Answer 11

Persistent vasodilation and relative hypovolemia

Question 12

How do we treat ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK?

Answer 12

Epinephrine
Antihistamines and steroids: stops inflammatory reaction

Question 13

SEPTIC SHOCK

Answer 13

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS are released: IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, epinephrine, nitric oxide, etc.

Question 14

How do we treat SEPTIC SHOCK?

Answer 14

Start ANTIBIOTICS IMMEDIATELY

Question 15

Primary MODS

Answer 15

Injury directly associated with HYPOPERFUSION (not enough blood/oxygen)

Question 16

What is a significant issue associated with MODS?

Answer 16

HYPERMETABOLISM — impaired cellular metabolism results in a buildup of cellular waste products

Question 17

What is a SECOND DEGREE BURN?

Answer 17

Superficial partial-thickness injury — painful, thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters develop within a few minutes after injury

Question 18

What are considered MAJOR BURN INJURIES?

Answer 18

Burns exceeding 20% of TBSA in most adults

Question 19

What is the SYSTEMIC RESPONSE to thermal injury and burns?

Answer 19

MASSIVE EDEMA associated with burn shock is inevitable with fluid resuscitation — failure to administer fluid resuscitation results in irreversible hypovolemic shock and death

Question 20

What is the HYPERMETABOLIC RESPONSE to thermal injury and burns?

Answer 20

Extensive burn injury initiates the most significant alterations in body metabolism associated with any illness — for an extended period of time

Question 21

What is the IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE to thermal injury and burns?

Answer 21

Fatal burn injury has often shown decreased levels of IL-2 which may result in decreased T helper lymphocytes

Question 22

Who must go to a BURN CENTER?

Answer 22

Partial-thickness burns >10% of the total body surface area
Burns that involve the face, hands, feet, genitalia, perineum, or major joints
Lightening
Those with concomitant traumatic injuries

Question 23

Examples of AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Answer 23

Systemic LUPUS erythematosus (SLE)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
HIV/AIDS

Question 24

What is CARCINOMA IN SITU?

Answer 24

Tumors of GLANDULAR OR SQUAMOUS ORIGIN

Have NOT broken through the BASEMENT MEMBRANE or INVADED surrounding stroma

NOT MALIGNANT

Question 25

What is the first step in the metastatic process?

Answer 25

Invasion: Local spread — cancer often spreads first to regional lymph nodes through the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM and then to DISTANT ORGANS THROUGH THE BLOODSTREAM

Question 26

What is crucial for metastatic cells during metastasis?

Answer 26

Metastatic cells must be able to withstand the physiologic stresses of TRAVEL IN THE BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION

Question 27

What is a significant environmental-lifestyle factor that increases risk for malignant tumors?

Answer 27

A combination of CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION increases a person’s risk for malignant tumors

Question 28

How does the body partially counteract the negative consequences of unilateral upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 28

Growth factor causes the unobstructed kidney to increase in size and function

Question 29

Kidney stone formation depends on presence or absence of STONE INHIBITORS, which are…

Answer 29

Potassium citrate
Uromodulin (Tamm-Horshall protein)
Pyrophosphate
Magnesium

Question 30

How do STONE INHIBITORS work?

Answer 30

Normally reduce the risk of calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate precipitation in the urine and prevent subsequent stone formation

Question 31

What treatment does an UNCOMPLICATED UTI require?

Answer 31

Uncomplicated UTI is usually SELF-LIMITING (can resolve WITHOUT TREATMENT)

Question 32

What is a UTI symptom specific to the elderly population?

Answer 32

Altered mental status

Question 33

What is ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS?

Answer 33

Acute bacterial infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, and/or kidney interstitium — common causes are E. Coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas

Question 34

What are the clinical manifestations of NEPHROTIC SYNDROME?

Answer 34

Hypoalbuminemia
Peripheral edema
Hyperlipidemia
Hypothyroidism
Lipiduria
Vitamin D deficiency

Question 35

What are the NEPHROTOXIC DRUGS that can lead to ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY?

Answer 35

AMINOGLYCOSIDES — gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin

Question 36

What is the treatment for HYPERKALEMIA related to acute kidney injury?

Answer 36

Administer GLUCOSE and INSULIN to drive potassium into the cells

Question 37

Common UTI symptoms

Answer 37

Dysuria
Frequency
Urgency
Hematuria
Suprapubic pain (cystitis)
High-grade fever (pyelonephritis)
Flank pain (pyelonephritis)
Nausea (pyelonephritis)
Vomiting (pyelonephritis)