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Pathophysiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

HEMOTHORAX

A

BLOOD in the PLEURAL SPACE

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2
Q

How to EVALUATE someone for INFLAMMATORY JOINT DISEASE

A

Systemic signs of inflammation:
- FEVER
- LEUKOCYTOSIS
- MALAISE
- ANOREXIA
- HYPERFIBRINOGENEMIA

RA:
- PAINFUL, TENDER, STIFF, WARM, SWOLLEN joints

SEROLOGY evaluation of RF/ACPA (serum markers can be present for years to decades before recognized)

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3
Q

B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

A

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
- Most common macrocytic anemia (large RBCs –> die prematurely, defective DNA synthesis)
- Caused by VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
- LACKS INTRINSIC FACTOR from GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS (REQUIRED for B12 ABSORPTION)

RISK FACTORS: GASTRECTOMY, ILEAL RESECTION (small bowel), PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS

Treatment: WEEKLY/MONTHLY INJECTIONS or HIGH ORAL DOSES of VITAMIN B12

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4
Q

FOLATE DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

A
  • MACROCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC
  • LOW RETICULOCYTES (slightly immature RBCs; tested w/blood smear)
  • NORMAL IRON LEVEL
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5
Q

SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION SYMPTOMS

A
  • Colicky pains
  • INTESTINAL/ABDOMINAL DISTENTION (CAT Scan will show collection)
  • NAUSEA
  • VOMITING
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6
Q

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE EDUCATION with regards to TESTICULAR CANCER

A
  • CANCER of the TESTIS
  • Among MOST CURABLE of cancers
  • EDUCATION and SCREENING is IMPERATIVE
  • COMMON in MEN BETWEEN 14 - 44 years of age

Preventive medicine education regarding testicular cancer primarily focuses on increasing awareness and promoting early detection practices among at-risk populations, particularly young men aged 15-35 years. Testicular self-examination (TSE) is a key component of this educational effort, although its routine recommendation is controversial.

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6
Q

ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING

A
  • IRREGULAR (METRORRHAGIA) and EXCESSIVE (MENORRHAGIA) BLEEDING or both (MENOMETRORRHAGIA)
  • May involve FLOODING and the PASSAGE OF LARGE CLOTS leading to EXCESSIVE BLOOD LOSS
  • Also can lead to IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
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7
Q

CAUSES of HIRSUTISM

A
  • PCOS
  • ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
  • ADRENAL TUMORS
  • Secondary amenorrhea
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8
Q

ANOREXIA of AGING CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

A
  • WANING HUNGER/LOSS OF APPETITE
  • DIMINISHED SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL
  • DECREASED PRODUCTION OF SALIVA
  • SOCIAL ISOLATION
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9
Q

CYSTOCELE vs. RECTOCELE

A

PROLAPSE OF BLADDER vs. RECTUM

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10
Q

LEIOMYOMA

A
  • myoma or UTERINE FIBROID
  • BENIGN TUMORS of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS in MYOMETRIUM
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11
Q

STAGES of SYPHILIS

A
  1. Primary - local manifestations (3 weeks)
  2. SECONDARY - SYSTEMIC
    – BLOODBORNE BACTERIA SPREAD to ALL MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS (variable sxs - low grade fever, malaise, sore throat, headache, pain, etc.)
  3. Latent - asymptomatic
  4. Tertiary - most severe w/destructive systemic manifestations
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12
Q

ROUTES of TRANSMISSION for HEPATITIS A, B, C, and D

A

B/D – SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED (needle puncture, blood transfusion, cuts or abrasions in the skin, and ABSORPTION BY MUCOSAL SURFACES)
C – injecting drug use, sexual, transfusion, health-related work
A – fecal-oral route (contaminated food, person-to-person contact incl. sexual contact)

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13
Q

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)

A
  • ENLARGEMENT of the PROSTATE GLAND
  • URETHRAL COMPRESSION (urge to urinate often, delay in starting urination, decreased force of urinary stream)
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14
Q

PORTAL HYPERTENSION

A
  • VARICES = DISTENDED, TORTUOUS, COLLATERAL VEINS (enlarged and winding veins that develop as alternative pathways for blood flow when the normal venous routes are obstructed. These collateral veins form in response to increased venous pressure)
  • MOST COMMONLY in LOWER ESOPHAGUS
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15
Q

HYPOTHYROIDISM

A
  • COLD INTOLERANCE
  • LETHARGY
  • CONSTIPATION
  • DRY SKIN
16
Q

ASTHMA

A
  • CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER
  • MUCOSAL EDEMA
  • REVERSIBLE AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION
  • BRONCHIAL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS
  • AIRWAY CONSTRICTION
  • EPISODIC ATTACKS OF BRONCHOSPASM
  • BRONCHIAL INFLAMMATION
  • INCREASED MUCUS PRODUCTION
17
Q

TYPE 1 VS. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

A

TYPE 1:
- PANCREATIC ATROPHY
- LOSS OF BETA CELLS
- AUTOIMMUNE or NONIMMUNE/SECONDARY
- GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

TYPE 2:
- more common
- INSULIN RESISTANCE (RESPONSE of INSULIN-SENSITIVE TISSUES [esp. in liver, muscle, adipose tissue] to INSULIN IS SUBOPTIMAL)
- decreased insulin secretion
- beta cell dysfunction

18
Q

MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION risks associated w/DIABETES

A
  • DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (EYES)
  • DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY (KIDNEYS) – requires CLOSE MONITORING OF RENAL FUNCTION
  • DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES (NERVES, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY)
  • MICROALBUMINURIA (SPILLING PROTEIN IN URINE)
19
Q

THYROTOXIC CRISIS

A
  • HYPERTHERMIA
  • TACHYCARDIA
  • atrial tachydysrhythmias
  • high-output heart failure
  • agitation or delirium
  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
20
Q

HYPOGLYCEMIA

A
  • TACHYCARDIA
  • HUNGER
  • LIGHTHEADEDNESS
  • PALPITATIONS
  • DIAPHORESIS
  • TREMORS
  • PALLOR
  • CONFUSION
  • IRRITABILITY
  • caused by TOO MUCH INSULIN, NOT ENOUGH FOOD, INCREASED AMOUNT OF EXERCISE
21
Q

ADDISON DISEASE vs. CUSHING’S SYNDROME vs. CUSHING-LIKE SYNDROME

A

ADDISON DISEASE:
- primary adrenal insufficiency
hypocortisolism

CUSHING’S SYNDROME:
- chronic excessive cortisol level
- TRUNCAL (CENTRAL) OBESITY
- EASY BRUISING, ACNE, THIN EXTREMITIES

CUSHING-LIKE SYNDROME:
- Exogenous administration of GLUCOCORTICOIDS

22
Q

OBESITY CLASSES

A

VISCERAL OBESITY (intraabdominal, central, or masculine – distribution of body fat localized around abdomen and upper body)

PERIPHERAL OBESITY (gluteal-femoral, feminine, or subcutaneous – distribution of body fat distributed around thighs and buttocks through muscle)

  1. Class I Obesity (Mild Obesity): BMI of 30.0 to 34.9 kg/m².
  2. Class II Obesity (Moderate Obesity): BMI of 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m².
  3. Class III Obesity (Severe or Extreme Obesity): BMI of 40.0 kg/m² or higher.
23
Q

COMPLICATIONS associated w/STARVATION/ANOREXIA

A
  • GLYCOGENOLYSIS (splitting glycogen into glucose)
  • GLUCONEOGENESIS (formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules)
  • KETOSIS and ACIDOSIS (electrolyte abnormalities)
  • skeletal muscle wasting/muscular atrophy
24
Q

FUNCTIONS of ADIPOSE TISSUE

A
  • INSULATION
  • MECHANICAL SUPPORT
  • MAJOR ENERGY RESERVE (STORES EXCESS ENERGY)
  • SUPPORTS ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
25
Q

Medical CONDITIONS associated with OBESITY

A
  • MORBIDITY
  • DEATH
  • INCREASED HEALTHCARE COSTS
  • CANCER
  • HEART DISEASE
  • DIABETES
26
Q

SYSTEMIC effects of SIADH

A
  • HYPONATREMIA
  • SERUM SODIUM LEVELS BELOW 110-115 mEq/L (severe and irreversible neurologic damage)
  • WATER RETENTION (increased water reabsorption by kidneys)
  • hypoosmolality
  • urine hyperosmolality
  • hypervolemia
  • weight gain
27
Q

ARDS

A

RESPIRATORY FAILURE during the exudative phase is attributed to ACCUMULATION of PROTEIN-RICH FLUID in DISTAL AIRSPACES and DECREASED SURFACTANT PRODUCTION BY TYPE II EPITHELIAL CELLS

Proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes, early fibrotic changes, myointimal thickening of alveolar capillaries

Increased collagen deposition, prolonged period of ventilation-perfusion mismatching, diminished compliance of lungs

28
Q

INCIDENCE, RESISTANCE PATTERNS, and TREATMENT OF TB

A
  • LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH from curable infectious disease THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
  • ISONIAZID, RIFAMPIN, PRYAZINAMIDE, ETHAMBUTOL
  • DRUG-RESISTANT – combination of at least 4 drugs to which the microorganism is susceptible, administering for 18 months

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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