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Pathophysiology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What causes PULMONARY EDEMA

A
  • Excess water
  • Left heart failure (blood backs up into lungs)
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2
Q

Difference between APNEA and ORTHOPNEA

A

APNEA = no spontaneous respirations, criterion for BRAIN DEATH

ORTHOPNEA = can’t breathe when lying flat; clinical manifestation of SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE or LEFT HEART FAILURE

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3
Q

How does ATHEROSCLEROSIS start

A

Endothelium injury that lines the artery walls

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4
Q

SYMPTOMS of PULMONARY EDEMA

A

Cough of PINK FROTHY SPUTUM

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5
Q

Role of ATHEROSCLEROSIS on development of TRUE ANEURYSM

A

ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE formation causes INFLAMMATORY CHANGES that ERODE THE VESSEL WALL

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6
Q

Difference between INFARCTION and ISCHEMIA

A

ISCHEMIA = supply of CORONARY BLOOD CANNOT MEET THE DEMAND of the myocardium for oxygen and nutrients – cells are TRANSIENTLY DEPRIVED OF BLOOD AND OXYGEN

INFARCTION = PROLONGED ISCHEMIA causing IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE to the heart muscle (myocyte necrosis); infarcted myocardium is surrounded by a ZONE OF HYPOXIC INJURY which can progress to necrosis or return to normal and is ADJACENT to a ZONE OF REVERSIBLE ISCHEMIA

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7
Q

Difference between HDL and LDL

A

HDL = High-Density Lipoproteins (mainly phospholipids + carrier protein); PROTECTIVE in development of ATHEROSCLEROSIS (can REMOVE EXCESS CHOLESTEROL from arterial walls; responsible for “REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT” which RETURNS excess cholesterol from tissues to liver for elimination as bile or conversion to cholesterol-containing steroids)

LDL = cholesterol + carrier protein; responsible for DELIVERY OF CHOLESTEROL TO TISSUES; CONTRIBUTES to development of ATHEROSCLEROSIS

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8
Q

What causes INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

INFLAMMATION of ENDOCARDIUM from INFECTIOUS AGENTS – most commonly bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci)

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9
Q

How to avoid getting VARICOSE VEINS

A
  • Lose weight (OBESITY is a risk factor)
  • Don’t stand for long periods habitually (DECREASE TIME SPENT STANDING AND SITTING)
  • Don’t wear constricting garments or cross the legs at the knee, as this diminishes the action of the muscle pump
  • LEG ELEVATION
  • COMPRESSION STOCKINGS
  • PHYSICAL EXERCISE
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9
Q

What triggers ANGINA PECTORIS

A

Transient MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA causes transient substernal chest discomfort

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9
Q

Difference between ST ELEVATION MI and NON-ST ELEVATION MI

A

STEMI = ST segment elevations on ECG trigger IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION; injury EXTENDS through the myocardium

NON-STEMI = smaller infarction; additional myocardium is still at risk for recurrent ischemia and infarction

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9
Q

What conditions cause HYPERKALEMIA

A
  • ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
  • Increased potassium intake
  • Shift of potassium ions from ICF to ECF
  • Decreased renal excretion (KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION/DIALYSIS)
  • Hypoxia
  • Acidosis
  • Insulin deficiency
  • Cell trauma
  • Digitalis overdose
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10
Q

What is HIV

A
  • RNA RETROVIRUS transmitted through infected body fluids
  • CAUSES AIDS
  • Severely hinders the IMMUNE SYSTEM
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11
Q

What is the difference between INFECTIVITY and VIRULENCE

A

INFECTIVITY = ABILITY TO INVADE AND MULTIPLY in the host

VIRULENCE = CAPACITY TO CAUSE SEVERE DISEASE; potency

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12
Q

What are CHEYNE-STOKES RESPIRATIONS

A

An ABNORMAL PATTERN OF BREATHING in which tidal volume gradually increases followed by a gradual decrease and a period of apnea before returning to a normal respiratory pattern; PERIODIC BREATHING with ALTERNATING HYPERVENTILATION and APNEA

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13
Q

Difference between DECORTICATE and DECEREBRATE posturing

A

DECORTICATE posturing = abnormal FLEXION of the ARMS with the EXTENSION of the LEGS (ARMS BENT toward center of body and CURLED WRISTS/balled hands against chest)

DECEREBRATE posturing = adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder, EXTENSION at the ELBOWS with PRONATION of the FOREARM, and FLEXION of the FINGERS (FLEXED WRISTS, CURLED FINGERS, straight/tense ARMS PARALLEL TO BODY)

Both are neurological responses to usually noxious stimuli

14
Q

What is the PRIORITY assessing the NERVOUS SYSTEM for DYSFUNCTION

A

LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS

15
Q

What causes VENTRICULAR REMODELING

A

Days, weeks, or months AFTER A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, myocyte hypertrophy and loss of contractility occurs in areas of the heart distant from the site of the infarction

16
Q

SYMPTOMS of HYPONATREMIA

A
  • LETHARGY
  • HEADACHE
  • CONFUSION
  • APPREHENSION
  • SEIZURES
  • COMA
17
Q

SYMPTOMS of a POTASSIUM IMBALANCE

A

ECG CHANGES:
- HYPOKALEMIA = slightly prolonged PR interval, slightly peaked P wave, SHALLOW T WAVE, prominent U wave

  • HYPERKALEMIA = decreased R wave altitude, wide/flat P wave, prolonged PR interval, widened QRS, TALL/PEAKED T WAVE
  • MUSCLE WEAKNESS
  • LOSS OF MUSCLE TONE
  • PARALYSIS
  • CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
18
Q

Why is OBESITY an important RISK FACTOR for developing TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

A

Contributes to mechanisms involving INSULIN RESISTANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, and ECTOPIC FAT DEPOSITION, all of which DISRUPT NORMAL GLUCOSE METABOLISM and INSULIN FUNCTION

Weight is affected by environment AND genes, and both of those contribute to the development of diabetes

Diabetes can develop secondary to cortisol-induced obesity

19
Q

What FACTORS contribute to developing HYPERTENSION

A
  • SODIUM INTAKE
  • LACK OF EXERCISE
  • STRESS
  • OBESITY
  • POSITIVE FAMILY HISTORY
  • ADVANCING AGE
  • SMOKING
20
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of RAYNAUD PHENOMENON

A

Condition CAUSED by the TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEPOSITION of IMMUNE COMPLEXES in the CAPILLARY BED of the PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION

21
Q

What FACTORS increase RISK for developing CANCER

A
  • ALCOHOL
  • AIR POLLUTION
  • DIET (lack of fruits/veggies, processed/red meat, lack of fiber)
  • HYPERGLYCEMIA/DIABETES
  • OVERWEIGHT
  • LACK OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE
  • POSTMENOPAUSE
  • INFECTIONS
  • IONIZING RADIATION
  • OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
  • REPRODUCTION
  • SUN EXPOSURE/SUNBEDS
  • TOBACCO
  • GENETICS/EPIGENETICS
  • PRENATAL EXPOSURE
  • PARENTAL EXPOSURE BEFORE CONCEPTION
  • SEXUAL BX
22
Q

How do PRESSURE ULCERS develop and what are the FIRST CHANGES in the SKIN

A

RESULT of UNRELIEVED PRESSURE on SKIN, CAUSING underlying TISSUE DAMAGE (shearing forces, friction, moisture, occlude capillary blood flow with resulting ischemia and necrosis)

STAGE 1: NONBLANCHABLE ERYTHEMA of INTACT SKIN (skin redness)

23
Q

ASSOCIATION between CHICKENPOX and HERPES ZOSTER

A

Herpes zoster = SHINGLES

INITIAL infection with CHICKENPOX, followed YEARS LATER by HERPES ZOSTER

24
Q

ONYCHOMYCOSIS

A

FUNGAL or dermatophyte INFECTION of the NAIL PLATE

25
Q

Which INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS are active in FROSTBITE

A
  • THROMBOXANES
  • PROSTAGLANDINS
  • BRADYKININS
  • HISTAMINES
26
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY underlying SCLERODERMA

A

Sclerosis of the skin that can progress to muscles, bones, internal organs

T helper cells and their cytokines: Fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis; ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL AUTOANTIBODIES

27
Q

PRESENTATION of NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

A
  • HYPOALBUMINEMIA
  • PERIPHERAL EDEMA
  • HYPERLIPIDEMIA
  • HYPOTHYROIDISM
  • LIPIDURIA
  • VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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