quiz 2 Flashcards
what is an anchor bolt?
a fastener that anchors a masonry or concrete element to wood framework
depth of embedding for an anchor bolt
it needs to be embedded into the top of the foundation walls 7” and stick out far enough to revive the framework
distance anchor bolts can be from one another
they are 1/2” diameter at 6’ o.c. max (max 6 feet apart; 1’ max from corner
What is a hold down
fastener used to prevent uplift at specific location like corners
what is a sill sealer
fibrous felt used to reduce air infilitraiton
what is a termite sheild
piece of metal that helps prevent termites from reaching the wood elements of your construciton
what is a sill plate and the material it is
typically a single 2x member that connects the wood frame system to the foundation, typically made of pressure treated lumber
what is a joist
spaning member in a wlf constructed floor
what is a rim joist
the exterior member of a wlf floor system that attached the ends of the joist together and helps prevent lateral buckling
similarity of joists and rim joist
they ar both nailed down to the sill plate
typical joist spacing for a floor
16” o.c. and typically spans the shortest distance in a floor
when is an intermediate beam needed in flooring
if the span is too great
what is a bay
a portion of a building that cantilevers out over space and unsupported directly below
what is the ratio for cantilever joists
1/3:2/3
1/3= max lenght that can be unsupported hanign
2/3= min length of joist support
what is a trimmer?
members running along the sides of an opening, almost always doubled up-vertical
what is a header
members runing along the front of a stair opening where the stair meets the floor, almost always doubled up-horizontal
bearing partiions vs nonbearing partitions
non bearing walls support no weight and divide spaces, bearing walls holdup part of the house LOOK AT SLIDES 33-4 IN FLOORS POWERPOINT
sustainable practices for floor framing
advanced framing: engineered wood joists, 24” o.c. spacing, maximize spans between supports
how should all members be attached in a floor system?
all members should be continuous of adequately attached at intermediate bearing points or where joining two members together is necessary
what is blocking
an intermediate support against lateral buckling of joist
what is a scab
a short framing member used to join joist together
what does blocking and bridging provide
it provides intermediate support as required-not always required, but if required typically 8’ oc
what to do when floor joist need to be attached to non-wood surfaces
wood needs to be used as an intermediary connection
What are typical sheathing materials and their sizes
plywood and OSB
4’x8’ sheets with 5/8-3/4” thickness
what is floor sheathering (sub-floor)
a structual component of a building that carries loads to the joists while also tying them together and proving lateral resistance
what is floor underlayment
a non-structural component that sits on top of the subfloor to provide and adequate surface of flooring
tips to layer sub-floor
- stagger the pannels
- lay perpendicular to the joists
- leave 1/8” gap b/t panels
- specific nail patterns
- glue to the joist to provide full combined structural system
what is a common stud
the typical framing member of wlf wall
how walls intersect: corner conditions
-typically done with 3 studs in one of two arrangements
-corners need to resist lateral loads
- corners need to b provided proper nailing surfaces for finishes
how wall intersect: t intersections
- have 3 studs, 4 stud, and ladder option
- need to provide proper nailing surfaces for finishes
typical vs sustainable framing for walls
typical: 2x4 or 2x6 with studs at 16” o.c.
sustainable: 2x6 with studs at 24” o.c.
typical coordinated lumber for wall heights
7’-8 5/8” studs = 8 ft ceilings
8’-8 5/8” suds = 9ft ceilings
what is a sole plate
bottom plate not in contact with the foundation
what is a sill plate
bottom plate in contact with foundation ( needs to be treated or decay resistant
what is a top plate
the members of the WALL that takes the applied load from above and distributes it to ht vertical structural members in the wall- typically top plats are DOUBLE members- continuity is critical
sustainable practices in walls
-single member top plate instead of double
-galvanized metal plates as the preferred means of connection
-master framing layout needed
what is a master framing layout
plans indicating area of all relevant parts pertaining to framing
what is a king stud
full height stuf on either side of a wall opening ( may be 1 or more depending on lateral load)
what is a jack/trimmer stud
partial heigh studs that support the header beam above the window or door
what is a header or double header
the beam supporting the load above a window or door (sometimes oversized to remove need for cripple stud)
what is a cripple stud
partial height stud that fills in above the header and below the sill at an opening
what is a rough sill
the horizonatal member tha sits below the opening of a window
what are the best sustainable practices for framing openings
- placement of windows
- efficient use of material
what is wall sheathing
a panel system attached to the exterior face of the frame wall
what does wall sheathing provide?
- base for exterior finishes
- a nailing base for weather barrier
- a lateral load resisting component
how much of a building needs to be sheathed
only part of a building is required to be sheathed for structural stability, but most are sheathed completely
what to consider when choosing a wall siding or cladding
- water resistance
- ease of installation
- energy efficiency
- aesthetics
- versatility
-durability
what is plywood siding
typically 4x8’ exterior grade plywood panels oriented vertically
-horizontal joints must be protected with flashing
what is wood shingle siding
uniform overlapped course of wood shingles
what is horizontal board siding?
horizontal boards laid in an overlapping fashion to create a weather barrier
characteristics of horizontal board sizing
- can be made from wood, plywood, harboard, vinyl, etc
-come in variety of finishes, colors, styles, that vary by material - corners are typically treated with vertical boards acting as a stop fo the siding
what is exposure
the width of the siding minus the overlap of the pieces
what is vertical board siding
vertical boards which interlock or overlay to create the wether barrier
what is stucco
a course plaster
made of portland or masonry cement, sand lime, and water
applied to a wall surface to create a hard weather and fire resistant finish
how is stucco applied
typically applied in 3 coats ( scratch, brown, finish) and sits on an expanded metal lath
what does stacco need to stop cracking
control joints to stop cracks from expansion and contractions
what is eifs
exterior insulation and finish system
- two coat synthetic material applied right over rigid foam insulation panels in a manner similar to stucco
why does eifs have good energy efficiency
uses insulation board on the exterior of the structure (no thermal bridges)
what is masonry veneer
a single wythe of masonry (brick) which serves as a weather barrier for the wall
- anchored to but not bonded to the wall structure
-must be properly drained
-air cavity exists between veneer and structure to allow water to drain away
what is a hip roof
a rood having a sloping ends meeting an inclined projecting angle
what is a gable roof
a roof that sloped downward in two parts from a central ridge, so as to form a gable at each end
what is a gabrel roof
a gable style roof that had each side divided into a low slope area over a high slope area
what is a flat roof
a roof with minimal slope to allow drainage
what is a shed roof
a roof which has only a single sloping plan (half of a gable roof or a flat roof with one side elevated higher than the other)
what terminology is involved in the description of a roof?
ridge, dormer, gable, rake, eave, soffit, hip, valley
what is a ridge (roof)
the horizontal line of interseciton at the top between tow sloping planes of a roof
what is a dormer (roof)
projecting structure built out froma sloping roof and housing a vertical window or ventilating louver
what is a gable ( roof)
the triangular portion of a wall enclosing the end of a pitched roof from ridges to eaves
what is a rake (roof)
the inclined, usually projecting edge of a sloping roof
what is an eave (roof)
the overhanging lower edge of a roof plane
what is a soffit (roof)
the underside of an eave
what is a hip (roof)
the incline projecting angle formed by the junction of two adjacent sloping sides of a roof
what is a valley (roof)
the intersection of two inclined roof surfaces toward which rainwater flows
how is roof slope categorized?
categorized by a ratio
rise:run
4”: 12”
4” rise in roof for ever 12” horizontal distance
what is the slope of a flate roof
1/4” : 1
minimum slope 1/4”
what are appropriate materials for a medium slope roof
shingles, tiles, or sheet materials
what is the typical framing layout of a wlf roof
gable type roof with rafter framing (stick framing)
what is a rafter (roof)
the typical member of a roof framing system
what are the typical spacing between rafters
12”, 16” or 24”
what is a ridge board (roof)
the horizontal framing member that supports the rafter at the ridge
what is a fly/barge rafter (roof)
the end rafter in a gable roof that sit out past the wall
what is a lookout (roof)
the framing members that support the fly rafters (run perpendicular to the rest of the rafters)
what is a header (roof)
the framing member runnign perpendicular to the rest of the rafters at a roof opening
what is a ceiling joist
the ceiling framing, which is independent of the roof framing with a rafter-framed roof
what is a hip rafter (roof)
the angled rafters that form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof (water runs away from them)
what is a valley rafter (roof)
the angled rafter that form the valley condition between two sloping sides fo a roof (water runs toward them)
what is a jack rafter (roof)
any rafter that is not the full length of the roof slope
what is a purlin (roof)
a framing member spanning between rafters to provided additional support
what is a purling brace
intermediate brace connecting roof rafter to an intermediate support like an interior frame wall
what is a ridge board (roof)
a non structural horizontal member that simply braces the end of the rafters
how do floor/ceiling joists act in a ridge board situation?
floor joists or ceiling joists are required to act as structural elements resisting outward thrust in a ridge board situation
what can trusses serves as
efficient replacement for rafter framing in more regular framing situation
how does roof sheathing work
similar to floor sheathing
- plywood of OSB
- edges supported with plywood clips, blocking or tongue and groove products to brace edges
- stagger end joints
-run perpendicular to joists
- space with 1/8” gaps
- spans vary based on panel
what are some sustainable considerations to look at for roof framing
24” spacing members
allighment of roof and wall framing
engineered products
insulation to extend over walld top plate without compression
oversizing of framing to allow for vaulted ceilings
proper ventilation of roof assemblies
what is a birdsmouth (roof)
a notch in a rafter that allows it to cleaning sit on the top plate of the wall
- should be less than 1/4 of the rafter delpth
what is a seat cut (roof)
horizontal cut at the lower end of a rafter to allow it to rest on a top plate or other bearing situation
what is a lookout (roof)
the framing members that support the horizontal soffit (do not exist if soffit is mounted directly to underside of rafters)
what is a header (roof)
the framing member at the outside edge of the rafter system that ties the ends of all the rafters together
what is fascia
the finished member that wraps the outside of the rafter framing system
also KNOWN as bargeboard
what is a soffit?
the finished underside of the eave
what is a soffit vent
a vent in the soffit that allows for air condition within the roof/attic system
what is a frieze board
the finished trim member that conceals the edge of the siding and the soffit board
what is a ledger
the framing member that supports the lookouts at the wall
what is a rake trim
a secondary trim that conceals the roof sheathing if necessary
what is a drip edge
a roofing component that keep water away from the fascia
what is a collar tie
a 2x member used to keep the rafters from separating at the ridge due to lateral loads- typically within the upper third of the roof
where can venting be loucated
at the ridge or with louvers in the gable end-hot air rises up and out here drawing cooler air in from the eaves below
how is roofing material sold
by the square
1 square= 100 sqft of roof surface
what are key roofing elements
roofing materials
roofing underlayment
ice dame protection
roof deck/roof sheathing
flashing
what are wood shingles and shakes
16-24” long thin wood planks that are layered overlaping courses
shingles are cut, shakes ARE SPLIT
what are composition shinges
typically 12x36” multi-tabbed sheet of fiberglass or felt-based mat saturated and coated with asphalt and surfaces with granules
what are slate shingles?
spilt sheets of slate that are layered in overlapping courses
what is tile roofing?
clay or concrete units that overlap or interlock in courses
what is sheet metal roofing?
metal panels interlocked with vertical seams
- maybe copper, zinc, galvanized steel
- common type is called standing seam
what are gutter systems?
component of the roof system that collects water running off the roof and safely carries it to the ground of a storage system
what is a gutter?
the horizontal collection trough located at the roof eaves
what is a leader/downspout
the vertical tube that carries the water from the gutter to the ground
what is a splash block?
a solid element located at the ground end of the downspout that prevents rushing water from eroding the ground
where is flashing necessary on roofs
needs to be provided anywhere that water can get into the building, which is typically where two different materials or planes of the building come together
know the different types of flashing and where they go
ridge flashing
valley flashing
shed-to-wall flashing
eave flashing
large penetration flashing
small penetration flashing
