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ARC 242 Woods tech > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

spring 2024

1
Q

What is the relationship between design and construction in the creation of architecture?

A

a plan drawn on paper is only a type of representation of architecture. Architecture needs to be executed to actually become architecture.

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2
Q

what do you need to do to design a building?

A

you need to think systemically about ALL elements so they work in harmony

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3
Q

what is a system?

A

an assembly of interrelated or interdependent parts forming a more complex and unified whole and serving a common purpose

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4
Q

what is a building?

A

a series of systems that work together to create an environment we can inhabit

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5
Q

what is systematic thinking?

A

understanding and designing a building to take advantage of its as a series of overlapping and intersecting systems

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6
Q

structual system

A

system designed/constructed to support gravity and lateral loads safely to the ground without exceeding the maximum stresses.

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7
Q

substructure

A

underlying structure forming the foundation of the building

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8
Q

superstructure

A

vertical extensions of the building above the foundation

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9
Q

key elements of structural systems

A

columns
beams
load bearing walls

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10
Q

enclosure system

A

the shell or envelope of a building consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows and doors

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11
Q

mechanical systems

A

systems that provide essential serves to the building

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12
Q

mechanical system examples

A

water
HVAC,
sewage
electric
vertical transport
fire-fighting
waste disposal

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13
Q

performace requirements

A

structural compatibility
fire resistance
control heat, air flow and water vapor
acoustics
safely in use

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14
Q

aesthetic qualities

A

relationship of the building to site/context
prefered qualities of form, massing, color, pattern, texture, and details

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15
Q

regulatory constraints

A

zoning
builidng codes
ADA and other regulatory bodies

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16
Q

economic considerations

A

initial cost
life-cycle cost

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17
Q

environmental impact

A

conservation of energy and resources
proper siting
efficiency of building system

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18
Q

construction practies

A

site safety
allowance tollerances
time of construction and schedule
industry standards

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19
Q

what to consider when designing architecture

A

performance requirements
aesthetic qualities
regulatory constraints
economic considerations
environmental impact
construction practices

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20
Q

what is wood light frame construction?

A

abundance of wood in US, but lack of skilled labor lets framing to done easier as the wood is much lighter than hardwood

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21
Q

primary configurations of wood light framing

A

balloon framing- continuous stud going up to the top of the structure
platform framing- one level is framed before being moved to the second level

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22
Q

stud spacing

A

center to center spacings( 12”, 16”, 19.2” and 24”) are typically based off 4’*8’ sheets of sheathing material

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23
Q

span tables

A

critical for an architect as a rule-of-thumb for understanding structural performance of a wide range of systems

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24
Q

wood post-and-beam framing

A

uses framework of vertical post and horizontal beams to carry both floor and roof loads

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25
Q

what more sustainable strategies have been developed for using work as a primary framing/structural material?

A

FSC rated lumber
advanced framing and the 2’0” modular design
engineered wood products
modular construction

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26
Q

What are SIPs?

A

structually insulated pannel

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27
Q

What does “building as an assembly mean”?

A

” Construction is the art of making a meaningful whole out of many parts” - Zumthor (Thinking Architecture)

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28
Q

what causes buildings to shift and move, besides direct external loading?

A

Thermal expansion and contraction (concrete, wood, ect)
moisture movement

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29
Q

how do we understand how building elements will change with the addition of heat and water?

A

coefficient of thermal expansion
change in length = coefficient x object length x change in temp

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30
Q

how do we design buildings to reist of absorb movement?

A

static joints - do allow
dynamic or movement joints- do allow
expansion joints- connect to parts of structure, lets movement without damage to either
control joints- grooves to form a plane of weakness
isolation joints- allow for settlement
joint sealant- strong material used to prevent water where movement is expected

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31
Q

which direction is wood strong relative to weight?

A

along the grain

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32
Q

what qualities of wood make it an excellent material for building?

A

strong relative to weight
durable
light weight
easy to work with

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33
Q

what are the 2 major categories of trees

A

hardwood and softwood

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34
Q

what is hardwood used for

A

finishes
furniture
cabentry
flooring

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35
Q

what types of wood is hardwood?

A

oak
walnut
maple
birtch

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36
Q

what types of wood is softwood

A

pine
spruce
firn
cedar

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37
Q

what is softwood used for

A

framing

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38
Q

what qualities of a treee cna compromise the quality of the wood?

A

knots
warping
pitch pockets
shake
wane

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39
Q

what are the best practices when it come to harvesting lumber sustainably?

A

certifications
manage forest lands

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40
Q

what are two main sustainable certifications?

A

FSC= forestry stewardship council
SFI= sustainable forestry initiative

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41
Q

what are the steps in the process of transforming a tree into lumber?

A

1- harvest the tree
2- transport to mill
3- remove bark from logs
4- saw the logs into dimensional lumber
5- season lumber
6- finish the lumber by surfacing each piece smooth
7- inspect and grade
8- transport

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42
Q

what are the primary ways of transforming a log into a series of pieces of lumber?

A

quartersawn
flatsawn

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43
Q

what is seasoning

A

the controlled practice of drying cut wood

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44
Q

fiber saturation point

A

the point where all free water has been released but the bound water is still in the wood

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45
Q

what percent moisture content shifts lumber from green to dry?

A

19%

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46
Q

how do we categorize dimensional lumber?

A

boards- lumber no more than 1” thick 4-12” wide
planks- over 1” thick and 6” wide
timbers- width and thickness over 5”

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47
Q

nominal vs actual dimensions

A

nominal- sizing designation of lumber of shelf (ex. 2x4)
actual- actually mesured dimensions of piece of lumber (ex. 1 1/2 x 3 1/2)

48
Q

actual dimensions of lumber sizes

A

2-7” = 1/2” less than nominal
8” + = 3/4” less than nominal

49
Q

what type of wood has its own dimensional standards?

A

hardwood

50
Q

how is dimensional lumber sold?

A

by the board foot
1 board foot= 144 cubic inches
1’x1’x1” (nominal)

51
Q

what are other sustainable options for traditional dimensional lumber?

A

certified lumber
metal studs/framing
finger jointed lumber
engineered lumber

52
Q

composite wood lumber

A

lumber made up of smaller pieces, scraps and lengths of wood held together through a combination of heat, pressure and special adhesive

53
Q

advantages of composite wood lumber vs dimensional lumber

A

more efficient us of materials no need to harvest large trees
significantly less moisture issues
better stability

54
Q

What is a glulam?

A

composite wood member created through the lamination of a series of dimensional wood lengths

55
Q

when is finger jointing used with glulams?

A

to join the ends of the lumber

56
Q

what are LVLs and how are they created?

A

Laminated Veneer Lumber
made by laminating together wood veneers with adhesive into large sheets then cutting them to a necessary size
usually 1/8” thick

57
Q

what are PSLs and how are they created?

A

Parallel Strand Lumber
made the same way as LVL
usually 1/8” thick but typically only 1/2” wide

58
Q

What is CLT?

A

Cross-laminated timber
consists of wood planks stacked in layer with each layer perpendicular to those adjacent

59
Q

what are CLTs used for?

A

floor systems
wall systems
very tall wood builings

60
Q

other sustainable options with regard to composite wood material

A

bamboo composite
plastic composite

61
Q

what is a jointed wood member?

A

a spanning element that is made up of a series of smaller piece that replace a solid piece of dimensional lumber

62
Q

advantages of jointed wood members

A

more efficient use of material
dimensionally more stable
typically longer spans relative to amounts of material used

63
Q

what are i-joints?

A

structural spaning member composed of two solid wood lengths separated by a thing vertical panel

64
Q

what are trusses?

A

a structural framework of (usually) triangles units for supporting loads over long spans

65
Q

what are chords and webs?

A

chords- top and bottom member of truss
web- connective vertical or angled member

66
Q

advantages of trusses

A

highly efficient use of material

67
Q

how are panel products used in the construction of a house?

A

1- strucutal spanning members b/t lumbers
2- create pannel based construction components
3- construct cabinetry and casework
4- an underlayment for countertops and flooring

68
Q

how was plywood created?

A

1- slice log into 1/8” veneers
2- cut out knots + allow to dry
3- layer and glue together alternating grain

69
Q

typical size of plywood

A

4’x8’ with 1/4”-1” thick

70
Q

what is OSB

A

oriented strand board
non-veneered wood panel product made by bonding layers of long, thin wood strands under heat and pressure using waterproof adhesive

71
Q

What is OSB used for

A

used as sheathing material for
- roofs
- walls

72
Q

what are other wood-based panel products?

A

MDF- medium density fiber board
particle board

73
Q

How is wood joiney used?

A

in the fabrication of finishers
- trim, cabinetry, furiture

74
Q

composition of a nail

A

head= top
shank= body of the nail

75
Q

how are nails designated?

A

by increments of penny or ‘d’ nail length
( penny designation +2)/4

76
Q

screw vs nail

A

screws have a much higher withdrawal resistance than nails, but are much harder and more expensive to install

77
Q

what other fasteners are necessary in construction?

A

joist hanger
straps and holddowns

78
Q

what elements are necessary to successfully navigate a construction document set

A

drawing title
room tag
section tag
detail tag
elevation tag
elevation marker
door/windor tag
slope tag
north arrow

79
Q

what ar the components of a typical drawing symbol: head?

A

sometimes a directional component
contain info about where to look in the drawing set to find this particular drawing

80
Q

what are the components of a typical drawing symbol: tail?

A

displays what portion of the building is being displayed in the drawing

81
Q

on which drawing sheet can you find typical drawing symbols?

A

floor plan
elevation
building section
wall section

82
Q

what are key rules for construciton document annotations?

A

consistency
order
accuracy
legibility
spacing
comprehensive

83
Q

what is the relationship between notes and the drawing?

A

notes are to describe the information the drawing is required to show
NOTES outweigh drawing in court of law

84
Q

what drawing set elements convey contextual information?

A

site plan
building/site section (sometimes)

85
Q

what drawing set elements convey information through the process of living and revealing the hidden?

A

plans (floor, detail, ect.)
sections (building, wall)
details

86
Q

what drawing set elements convey information through depictions of the visible?

A

elevation
- interior
-exterior

87
Q

what drawing set elements convey information through database structure?

A

schedules

88
Q

what are construction documents?

A

all of the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the architect/engineer for communication the design and administering the construction contract

89
Q

what are the ordering system to understand in the construction documents?

A

complete drawing
architectural drawing set

90
Q

geotechnical engineer

A

professional who does the soil testing

91
Q

4 primary types of soil

A

gravel
sand
silts
clay

92
Q

soil vs rock

A

soil- particles that easily separate
rock- particles firmly bonded together

93
Q

clays properties

A

the presence of water clay will swell as it absorbs moisture

94
Q

organic soils

A

made from decaying organic matter
cannot be used under any circumstances for building foundation

95
Q

soil composition can affect all the following

A

site selection and location of building
types depths and impact of excavation
size and materiality of foundations
project timeframe

96
Q

what has to happen to the site prior to construction?

A

marking existing utilites
demo any existing structures (not used)
protect existing structure
remove unneeded vegetation
clean up the stuff left from previous work

97
Q

what is foundation?

A

the lowest par of a building sitting subsurface that delivers the load of the building to the earth

98
Q

shallow foundation

A

foundation that extends a short distance below grade and bears directly on upper levels soils most single-family residences use this

99
Q

deep foundation

A

foundation that extends a great distance into the earth to bypass unstable surface soil

100
Q

parts of shallow foundations

A

footing- lowest part, extends laterally delivering the load to the earth
foundation/ stem wall- vertical part, raised from footing to support structure

101
Q

most typical types of shallow foundaiton

A

wall/strip footing- foundation used for a wall
isolated footing- foundation fo a column

102
Q

other variation of foundations

A

combined/continuous footing- combination of 2 isolated footings
grade beam- beam at grade level that transfers load to isolated footings
cantilever/strap footing- alternative to combined footing
mat footing- one large, thick reinforced concrete slab

103
Q

4 key elements to the design of a concrete footing

A

area of the footing
thickness of footing
depth of the bottom of footing below grade
steel reinforcing placement in the footing

104
Q

what is the area of the footing based on?

A

the strength (bearing capacity) of the soil-
stronger soil= less are the footing requires

105
Q

what is the thickness of the footing based on?

A

determined by the overall load coming down from above and the strength of the concrete

106
Q

the depth below grade is based on:

A

need to be on appropriate soil (make sure you dig far enough down)
footing need to be located below frost line
bottom of the footing needs to be at least 1’ below frost line

107
Q

What is CMU

A

Concrete masonry unit= concrete block

108
Q

size of CMU

A

nominal= 8x8x16”
actual= 3/8” less in each direction
(due to grout joint)

109
Q

rule of thumb for CMU

A

if you have an odd number of feet add 4”
if you have an even number add 8” or none

110
Q

foundation/ stem wall

A

vertical part of the foundation that rises from the footing to support the structure above
typically made from CMU or poured-in-place concrete

111
Q

what is joint reinforcing used for

A

control shrinkage
typically spaced 16” oc vertically
vertical reinforcing is tied into foundation, cavities are grouted in the wall

112
Q

what is soild grouting used for

A

occurs for fire protection, sound ocntrol and when below grade

113
Q

special condition in a cmu foundation wall

A

bond beam
lintel
lintel block

114
Q

basement in a single-family reisdence:

A

typically have concrete slab-on-grade as a floor
may have/need drains and sump pumps
need to have windows for proper light/ventialation

115
Q

what is a concrete slab-on-grade?

A

concrete slab placed directly on the ground to serve as a floor or foundation system
may need below: vapor barrier, rigid insulation, abc+ sand change with temp and moisture
so then need isolation and control joints

116
Q

what is a crawlspace?

A

the uninhabitable space below the first floor of a single-family residence wich is only accessed for maintenance purposes

117
Q

venting in crawlspaces

A

needs 1sqft of vent area per 150 sqft of crawlspace area
3’ max distance from vent to building corner
need to include a vapor retarder at the ground

ARC 242 Woods tech (11 decks)

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