quiz 1 Flashcards
spring 2024
What is the relationship between design and construction in the creation of architecture?
a plan drawn on paper is only a type of representation of architecture. Architecture needs to be executed to actually become architecture.
what do you need to do to design a building?
you need to think systemically about ALL elements so they work in harmony
what is a system?
an assembly of interrelated or interdependent parts forming a more complex and unified whole and serving a common purpose
what is a building?
a series of systems that work together to create an environment we can inhabit
what is systematic thinking?
understanding and designing a building to take advantage of its as a series of overlapping and intersecting systems
structual system
system designed/constructed to support gravity and lateral loads safely to the ground without exceeding the maximum stresses.
substructure
underlying structure forming the foundation of the building
superstructure
vertical extensions of the building above the foundation
key elements of structural systems
columns
beams
load bearing walls
enclosure system
the shell or envelope of a building consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows and doors
mechanical systems
systems that provide essential serves to the building
mechanical system examples
water
HVAC,
sewage
electric
vertical transport
fire-fighting
waste disposal
performace requirements
structural compatibility
fire resistance
control heat, air flow and water vapor
acoustics
safely in use
aesthetic qualities
relationship of the building to site/context
prefered qualities of form, massing, color, pattern, texture, and details
regulatory constraints
zoning
builidng codes
ADA and other regulatory bodies
economic considerations
initial cost
life-cycle cost
environmental impact
conservation of energy and resources
proper siting
efficiency of building system
construction practies
site safety
allowance tollerances
time of construction and schedule
industry standards
what to consider when designing architecture
performance requirements
aesthetic qualities
regulatory constraints
economic considerations
environmental impact
construction practices
what is wood light frame construction?
abundance of wood in US, but lack of skilled labor lets framing to done easier as the wood is much lighter than hardwood
primary configurations of wood light framing
balloon framing- continuous stud going up to the top of the structure
platform framing- one level is framed before being moved to the second level
stud spacing
center to center spacings( 12”, 16”, 19.2” and 24”) are typically based off 4’*8’ sheets of sheathing material
span tables
critical for an architect as a rule-of-thumb for understanding structural performance of a wide range of systems
wood post-and-beam framing
uses framework of vertical post and horizontal beams to carry both floor and roof loads
what more sustainable strategies have been developed for using work as a primary framing/structural material?
FSC rated lumber
advanced framing and the 2’0” modular design
engineered wood products
modular construction
What are SIPs?
structually insulated pannel
What does “building as an assembly mean”?
” Construction is the art of making a meaningful whole out of many parts” - Zumthor (Thinking Architecture)
what causes buildings to shift and move, besides direct external loading?
Thermal expansion and contraction (concrete, wood, ect)
moisture movement
how do we understand how building elements will change with the addition of heat and water?
coefficient of thermal expansion
change in length = coefficient x object length x change in temp
how do we design buildings to reist of absorb movement?
static joints - do allow
dynamic or movement joints- do allow
expansion joints- connect to parts of structure, lets movement without damage to either
control joints- grooves to form a plane of weakness
isolation joints- allow for settlement
joint sealant- strong material used to prevent water where movement is expected
which direction is wood strong relative to weight?
along the grain
what qualities of wood make it an excellent material for building?
strong relative to weight
durable
light weight
easy to work with
what are the 2 major categories of trees
hardwood and softwood
what is hardwood used for
finishes
furniture
cabentry
flooring
what types of wood is hardwood?
oak
walnut
maple
birtch
what types of wood is softwood
pine
spruce
firn
cedar
what is softwood used for
framing
what qualities of a treee cna compromise the quality of the wood?
knots
warping
pitch pockets
shake
wane
what are the best practices when it come to harvesting lumber sustainably?
certifications
manage forest lands
what are two main sustainable certifications?
FSC= forestry stewardship council
SFI= sustainable forestry initiative
what are the steps in the process of transforming a tree into lumber?
1- harvest the tree
2- transport to mill
3- remove bark from logs
4- saw the logs into dimensional lumber
5- season lumber
6- finish the lumber by surfacing each piece smooth
7- inspect and grade
8- transport
what are the primary ways of transforming a log into a series of pieces of lumber?
quartersawn
flatsawn
what is seasoning
the controlled practice of drying cut wood
fiber saturation point
the point where all free water has been released but the bound water is still in the wood
what percent moisture content shifts lumber from green to dry?
19%
how do we categorize dimensional lumber?
boards- lumber no more than 1” thick 4-12” wide
planks- over 1” thick and 6” wide
timbers- width and thickness over 5”
nominal vs actual dimensions
nominal- sizing designation of lumber of shelf (ex. 2x4)
actual- actually mesured dimensions of piece of lumber (ex. 1 1/2 x 3 1/2)
actual dimensions of lumber sizes
2-7” = 1/2” less than nominal
8” + = 3/4” less than nominal
what type of wood has its own dimensional standards?
hardwood
how is dimensional lumber sold?
by the board foot
1 board foot= 144 cubic inches
1’x1’x1” (nominal)
what are other sustainable options for traditional dimensional lumber?
certified lumber
metal studs/framing
finger jointed lumber
engineered lumber
composite wood lumber
lumber made up of smaller pieces, scraps and lengths of wood held together through a combination of heat, pressure and special adhesive
advantages of composite wood lumber vs dimensional lumber
more efficient us of materials no need to harvest large trees
significantly less moisture issues
better stability
What is a glulam?
composite wood member created through the lamination of a series of dimensional wood lengths
when is finger jointing used with glulams?
to join the ends of the lumber
what are LVLs and how are they created?
Laminated Veneer Lumber
made by laminating together wood veneers with adhesive into large sheets then cutting them to a necessary size
usually 1/8” thick
what are PSLs and how are they created?
Parallel Strand Lumber
made the same way as LVL
usually 1/8” thick but typically only 1/2” wide
What is CLT?
Cross-laminated timber
consists of wood planks stacked in layer with each layer perpendicular to those adjacent
what are CLTs used for?
floor systems
wall systems
very tall wood builings
other sustainable options with regard to composite wood material
bamboo composite
plastic composite
what is a jointed wood member?
a spanning element that is made up of a series of smaller piece that replace a solid piece of dimensional lumber
advantages of jointed wood members
more efficient use of material
dimensionally more stable
typically longer spans relative to amounts of material used
what are i-joints?
structural spaning member composed of two solid wood lengths separated by a thing vertical panel
what are trusses?
a structural framework of (usually) triangles units for supporting loads over long spans
what are chords and webs?
chords- top and bottom member of truss
web- connective vertical or angled member
advantages of trusses
highly efficient use of material
how are panel products used in the construction of a house?
1- strucutal spanning members b/t lumbers
2- create pannel based construction components
3- construct cabinetry and casework
4- an underlayment for countertops and flooring
how was plywood created?
1- slice log into 1/8” veneers
2- cut out knots + allow to dry
3- layer and glue together alternating grain
typical size of plywood
4’x8’ with 1/4”-1” thick
what is OSB
oriented strand board
non-veneered wood panel product made by bonding layers of long, thin wood strands under heat and pressure using waterproof adhesive
What is OSB used for
used as sheathing material for
- roofs
- walls
what are other wood-based panel products?
MDF- medium density fiber board
particle board
How is wood joiney used?
in the fabrication of finishers
- trim, cabinetry, furiture
composition of a nail
head= top
shank= body of the nail
how are nails designated?
by increments of penny or ‘d’ nail length
( penny designation +2)/4
screw vs nail
screws have a much higher withdrawal resistance than nails, but are much harder and more expensive to install
what other fasteners are necessary in construction?
joist hanger
straps and holddowns
what elements are necessary to successfully navigate a construction document set
drawing title
room tag
section tag
detail tag
elevation tag
elevation marker
door/windor tag
slope tag
north arrow
what ar the components of a typical drawing symbol: head?
sometimes a directional component
contain info about where to look in the drawing set to find this particular drawing
what are the components of a typical drawing symbol: tail?
displays what portion of the building is being displayed in the drawing
on which drawing sheet can you find typical drawing symbols?
floor plan
elevation
building section
wall section
what are key rules for construciton document annotations?
consistency
order
accuracy
legibility
spacing
comprehensive
what is the relationship between notes and the drawing?
notes are to describe the information the drawing is required to show
NOTES outweigh drawing in court of law
what drawing set elements convey contextual information?
site plan
building/site section (sometimes)
what drawing set elements convey information through the process of living and revealing the hidden?
plans (floor, detail, ect.)
sections (building, wall)
details
what drawing set elements convey information through depictions of the visible?
elevation
- interior
-exterior
what drawing set elements convey information through database structure?
schedules
what are construction documents?
all of the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the architect/engineer for communication the design and administering the construction contract
what are the ordering system to understand in the construction documents?
complete drawing
architectural drawing set
geotechnical engineer
professional who does the soil testing
4 primary types of soil
gravel
sand
silts
clay
soil vs rock
soil- particles that easily separate
rock- particles firmly bonded together
clays properties
the presence of water clay will swell as it absorbs moisture
organic soils
made from decaying organic matter
cannot be used under any circumstances for building foundation
soil composition can affect all the following
site selection and location of building
types depths and impact of excavation
size and materiality of foundations
project timeframe
what has to happen to the site prior to construction?
marking existing utilites
demo any existing structures (not used)
protect existing structure
remove unneeded vegetation
clean up the stuff left from previous work
what is foundation?
the lowest par of a building sitting subsurface that delivers the load of the building to the earth
shallow foundation
foundation that extends a short distance below grade and bears directly on upper levels soils most single-family residences use this
deep foundation
foundation that extends a great distance into the earth to bypass unstable surface soil
parts of shallow foundations
footing- lowest part, extends laterally delivering the load to the earth
foundation/ stem wall- vertical part, raised from footing to support structure
most typical types of shallow foundaiton
wall/strip footing- foundation used for a wall
isolated footing- foundation fo a column
other variation of foundations
combined/continuous footing- combination of 2 isolated footings
grade beam- beam at grade level that transfers load to isolated footings
cantilever/strap footing- alternative to combined footing
mat footing- one large, thick reinforced concrete slab
4 key elements to the design of a concrete footing
area of the footing
thickness of footing
depth of the bottom of footing below grade
steel reinforcing placement in the footing
what is the area of the footing based on?
the strength (bearing capacity) of the soil-
stronger soil= less are the footing requires
what is the thickness of the footing based on?
determined by the overall load coming down from above and the strength of the concrete
the depth below grade is based on:
need to be on appropriate soil (make sure you dig far enough down)
footing need to be located below frost line
bottom of the footing needs to be at least 1’ below frost line
What is CMU
Concrete masonry unit= concrete block
size of CMU
nominal= 8x8x16”
actual= 3/8” less in each direction
(due to grout joint)
rule of thumb for CMU
if you have an odd number of feet add 4”
if you have an even number add 8” or none
foundation/ stem wall
vertical part of the foundation that rises from the footing to support the structure above
typically made from CMU or poured-in-place concrete
what is joint reinforcing used for
control shrinkage
typically spaced 16” oc vertically
vertical reinforcing is tied into foundation, cavities are grouted in the wall
what is soild grouting used for
occurs for fire protection, sound ocntrol and when below grade
special condition in a cmu foundation wall
bond beam
lintel
lintel block
basement in a single-family reisdence:
typically have concrete slab-on-grade as a floor
may have/need drains and sump pumps
need to have windows for proper light/ventialation
what is a concrete slab-on-grade?
concrete slab placed directly on the ground to serve as a floor or foundation system
may need below: vapor barrier, rigid insulation, abc+ sand change with temp and moisture
so then need isolation and control joints
what is a crawlspace?
the uninhabitable space below the first floor of a single-family residence wich is only accessed for maintenance purposes
venting in crawlspaces
needs 1sqft of vent area per 150 sqft of crawlspace area
3’ max distance from vent to building corner
need to include a vapor retarder at the ground
