Quiz 2 Flashcards
T or F: In Karyotyping, 20 cells are analyzed which is enough to rule out mosaicism to an acceptable level.
TRUE
It is the condensed inactivated X chromosome of female cells where its condensation occurs during interphase.
Facultative Heterochromatin
This consists of simple repeats of nitrogenous bases found around the centromeres of all chromosomes and the distal end of the Y chromosome that is used for the regulation of crossing over or the exchange of genes from one sister chromatid to the other during cell division.
Constitutive Heterochromatin
T or F: The Giemsa stain specifically binds to phosphate groups of the DNA where there is high guanine-cytosine bonding.
False
T or F: This Reverse banding method is particularly helpful for staining the distal ends of chromosomes.
True
T or F: C-banding stains the facultative heterochromatin, which usually lies near the centromere, and NOR staining highlights the satellites and stalks of telocentric chromosomes.
False
T or F: Because prophase and prometaphase chromosomes are more extended than metaphase chromosomes, the number of bands observable for all chromosomes increases from about 300 to 450 to as many as 800. This allows the detection of less obvious abnormalities usually not seen with conventional banding.
True
T or F: Analysis of FISH specimens is done by phase contrast microscopy by a clinical laboratory specialist in cytogenetics where usually 30 prometaphase cells are scored for congenital problems.
False
T or F: Fluorescent in situ hybridization can be used to determine the possible cause of a child’s developmental disability, identify pathogens that grow well in laboratory conditions and do not infer evolutionary relationships.
False
T or F: The aim of Comparative genomic hybridization is to quickly and efficiently compare two genomic DNA samples arising from two sources, which are most often closely related, because it is suspected that they contain differences in terms of either gains or losses of either whole chromosomes or sub-chromosomal regions.
True
T or F: Comparative genomic hybridization can detect both balanced and unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities because both do not affect copy number, which is what is detected by CGH technologies.
False
T or F: Although many types of microarray exists, they can be generally classified as either traditional solid-phase array with spots attached to a surface or the alternative bead array using polycarbonate beads, each with a specific probe and a ratio of three or more dyes.
False
T or F: Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences, including cytogenetics.
True
T or F: Inclusion bodies are inert, non-living structures which actively participate in the metabolic activities of the cell.
False
T or F: To collect cells with their chromosomes in this condensed state, they are exposed to a mitotic inhibitor which blocks formation of the spindle and arrests cell division at the prometaphase stage.
False
T or F: Normally, chromosomes cannot be seen with a light microscope but during cell division, they become condensed enough to be easily analyzed at 1000 times.
True
T or F: Chromosomes are a key part of the process that ensures DNA is accurately copied and distributed in the vast majority of cell divisions.
True
T or F: Euchromatin is most abundant in cells that are less active in the transcription of many of their genes that contains silenced or methylated genes with high G-C content.
False
T or F: Satellite bodies vary in size according to the position of the primary constriction.
False
T or F: Secondary constriction is often associated with the nucleolus during interphase and may take part in the reorganization of the nucleolus at the end of cell division.
True
T or F: Telocentric chromosomes frequently have secondary constrictions on the short arms that connect very small pieces of DNA called “stalks” or “satellites” to the centromere.
False
T or F: Human chromosomes 13,15, 21 and 22 are acrocentric.
True
They are chromosomes that have the centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two arms.
Sub-metacentric chromosomes
They are chromosomes where the centromere is found at the very end of the chromosome resulting to no p arm.
Telocentric chromosomes
Chromosome no. 3 is what type of chromosome?
Metacentric chromosomes
It is the other term for Satellite bodies in chromosomes.
TRABANT
It is dispersed and not readily stainable which is prevalent in cells that are active in the transcription of many of their genes that contains expressing genes with high G-C content.
Euchromatin
They are beadlike bodies over the chromonema and regions of the superimposed coils that are structurally different from the remainder of the chromonema because of its ability to synthesize or accumulate on itself, greater amounts of stainable nucleic acid or nucleoprotein.
Chromomeres
They are coils when the chromonemal fibrils are closely intertwined and they cannot be separated easily.
Plectonemic coils
It is the coiled central thread of a chromatid along which chromomere lies that is composed of 2, 4 or more fibrils depending upon the species.
Chromonema
It is the coiled filament in which the genes are located, which extends the entire length of a chromosome.
Chromonemata
It is a jelly-like substance enclosed by the pellicle of the chromosome that is also formed with an achromatic or non-genic material.
Matrix
It is a very thin membrane where each chromosome is bounded formed of an achromatic or a non-staining substance.
Pellicle
It is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.
TELOMERE
It is the other term for a Centromere.
Primary constriction
It is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.
Kinetochore
It is one of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
CHROMATID
The unique structure of chromosomes keeps DNA tightly wrapped around spool-like proteins called?
Histones
They are living structures found within the cytoplasm which are directly involved in the metabolic activities of the cell.
Cytoplasmic organelles
They are coils when the chromonemal fibrils are easily separable from each other.
PARANEMIC COILS
They are linear strands of chromatin material which contain the genes which represent all the traits of an individual.
Chromosomes
It is a small, discrete, round, densely staining structure found inside the nucleus made up of RNA, thus it is the pre-assembly point for ribosomes.
Nucleolus
It is a membrane-bound ovoid, oval or circular structure that serves as the master control of the cell because it regulates, controls, and modifies all the metabolic activities of the cell.
NUCLEUS
It is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material.
Nucleoid
It is the living part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane, which is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, monosaccharides, amino acid, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc.
Protoplasm
It is the other term for DNA microarray.
DNA CHIP
It is the full meaning of CNVs, which are phenomena in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals, that is analyzed by CGH technologies.
Copy number variations
It is a specimen that can be used in FISH and is obtained by employing centrifugal force to isolate, concentrate and deposit a monolayer of cells from a dilute cell suspension onto a circular area on a slide.
Cytospin
They are cells of a fetus suspended in the amniotic fluid that can be analyzed by Fluorescent in situ hybridization.
Cultured amniocytes, amniocytes
It is the full meaning of NOR where its staining or banding technique highlights the satellites and stalks of acrocentric chromosomes.
Nucleolar organizing region stains
This banding technique requires heat treatment and is particularly helpful for staining the distal ends of chromosomes.
R-banding
The Giemsa stain specifically binds to 2 groups of the DNA and where there is high adenine-thymine bonding.
Phosphate
It is the stain used in the Q-banding technique.
QUINACRINE
It is the process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a genome- wide snapshot of an individual’s chromosomes that can help identify genetic problems as the cause of a disorder or disease.
Karyotyping
This proteolytic enzyme partially digests some of the chromosomal proteins, thereby relaxing the chromatin structure and allowing the Giemsa dye access to the DNA used in karyotyping.
Trypsin
Generally, how many cells are analyzed in Karyotyping which is enough to rule out mosaicism to an acceptable level?
20 cells
Who discovered Q-banding?
Torbjorn Casperson
G-banding is the same as Q-banding except the single additional band near the centromeres of…
Chromosomes 1 and 16 (real answer)
Chromosomes X and Y
In C-banding, these chromosomes have medium-sized bands.
Chromosomes 7, 10 and 15
Which of the following human chromosomes are sub- metacentric chromosomes?
Human chromosomes 4 to 12
