MUTATION Flashcards
_______________
– refers to the alteration of genetic information due to any change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. This
involve rearrangements of the chromosomes and when the nitrogenous base(s) in DNA is (are) changed to other(s), or a base(s) is (are) added or removed. ____________ can occur at a spontaneous rate, or a far greater rate when there is exposure to _____________________.
Mutations
– refers to the alteration of genetic information due to any change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. This
involve rearrangements of the chromosomes and when the nitrogenous base(s) in DNA is (are) changed to other(s), or a base(s) is (are) added or removed. Mutations can occur at a spontaneous rate, or a far greater rate when there is exposure to mutagenic agents.
T or F: Mistake made by the DNA polymerase during DNA replication.
True
True or False: Mistake made by the DNA polymerase during DNA replication.
True
_______________ – any agent that causes changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene like: _____________, ______________, ____________
Mutagens – any agent that causes changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene like: Chemicals, Radiation, Viruses
Example of Mutagen Chemicals
nitrous acid, alkylating agents (anti-cancer drugs), base analouges (iododeoxyuridine), benzpyrene
and other organic solvents
Example of Mutagen Radiation
ultraviolet light, gamma rays, and x-rays
Example of Mutagen Viruses
bacteriophage
____________________ – refer to large changes of genetic information, such as duplications, deletions, inversions or rearrangements of a large number of bases substitution of a single nucleotide for another.
Macroalterations – refer to large changes of genetic information, such as duplications, deletions, inversions
or rearrangements of a large number of bases substitution of a single nucleotide for another.
____________________ – also called point mutations; involve changes in single base pairs that can be:________________, ____________________
Microalterations – also called point mutations; involve changes in single base pairs that can be: Transitions, Transversions
__________________ – occurs when a purine base changes to an alternate purine or a pyrimidine base
changes to an alternate pyrimidine.
Transitions – occurs when a purine base changes to an alternate purine or a pyrimidine base
changes to an alternate pyrimidine.
__________________ – occurs when a position with a pyrimidine changes to have a purine; or, purine to
pyrimidine.
Transversions – occurs when a position with a pyrimidine changes to have a purine; or, purine to
pyrimidine.
______________________________ MUTATIONS – are point mutations that involve the substitution of a single
nucleotide for another that can yield three possible effects: ____________, _____________, ______________
Base Substitution MUTATIONS – are point mutations that involve the substitution of a single
nucleotide for another that can yield three possible effects: Silent, Missense, Nonsense
_______________ MUTATION – is a change in a nucleotide that does not result in a changed the amino acid
sequence, i.e., the new codon just happens to code for the same amino acid.
Silent MUTATION – is a change in a nucleotide that does not result in a changed the amino acid
sequence, i.e., the new codon just happens to code for the same amino acid.
______________ MUTATION – is a change in both the nucleotide and the amino acid sequence which may or
may not result in a mutant phenotype (depending upon whether the altered amino acid is important for function).
Missense MUTATION – is a change in both the nucleotide and the amino acid sequence which may or
may not result in a mutant phenotype (depending upon whether the altered amino acid is important for function).
_______________ MUTATION – occurs when there is a sudden polypeptide chain termination due to the
creation of a stop codon.
Nonsense MUTATION – occurs when there is a sudden polypeptide chain termination due to the
creation of a stop codon.
____________________ MUTATIONS – are the result of a single base, or more, insertion or deletion. The result can be the generation of an entirely different protein from the point within the coding region where it occurs. Because they may involve many bases or just one, frameshifts are sometimes macroalterations and sometimes microalterations. It has two types:________________, _________________
Frameshift MUTATIONS – are the result of a single base, or more, insertion or deletion. The result can be the generation of an entirely different protein from the point within the coding region where it occurs. Because they may involve many bases or just one, frameshifts are sometimes macroalterations and sometimes microalterations. It has two types: Deletion, Insertion
_______________ MUTATION – a single nucleotide or even large sections of DNA are lost
Deletion MUTATION – a single nucleotide or even large sections of DNA are lost
______________ MUTATION – one or more nucleotides are added in the DNA sequence
Insertion MUTATION – one or more nucleotides are added in the DNA sequence
__________________ MUTATION – is of benefit to the organism. An example would be a mutation that enables the organism to survive in an environment where organisms without the mutation would die.
Beneficial MUTATION – is of benefit to the organism. An example would be a mutation that enables the organism to survive in an environment where organisms without the mutation would die.
_______________ MUTATION – leads to the production of a non-functional enzyme. This will lead to the cessation of metabolic reactions essential to the life of an organism, thus it will die.
Harmful MUTATION – leads to the production of a non-functional enzyme. This will lead to the cessation of metabolic reactions essential to the life of an organism, thus it will die.
_______________ MUTATION – otherwise known as neutral mutation, it causes no effects in the organism’s life and functions
Silent MUTATION – otherwise known as neutral mutation, it causes no effects in the organism’s life and functions
