MUTATION

Question 1

_______________
– refers to the alteration of genetic information due to any change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. This
involve rearrangements of the chromosomes and when the nitrogenous base(s) in DNA is (are) changed to other(s), or a base(s) is (are) added or removed. ____________ can occur at a spontaneous rate, or a far greater rate when there is exposure to _____________________.

Answer 1

Mutations
– refers to the alteration of genetic information due to any change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. This
involve rearrangements of the chromosomes and when the nitrogenous base(s) in DNA is (are) changed to other(s), or a base(s) is (are) added or removed. Mutations can occur at a spontaneous rate, or a far greater rate when there is exposure to mutagenic agents.

Question 2

T or F: Mistake made by the DNA polymerase during DNA replication.

Answer 2

True

Question 2

True or False: Mistake made by the DNA polymerase during DNA replication.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

_______________ – any agent that causes changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene like: _____________, ______________, ____________

Answer 3

Mutagens – any agent that causes changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene like: Chemicals, Radiation, Viruses

Question 4

Example of Mutagen Chemicals

Answer 4

nitrous acid, alkylating agents (anti-cancer drugs), base analouges (iododeoxyuridine), benzpyrene
and other organic solvents

Question 5

Example of Mutagen Radiation

Answer 5

ultraviolet light, gamma rays, and x-rays

Question 6

Example of Mutagen Viruses

Answer 6

bacteriophage

Question 7

____________________ – refer to large changes of genetic information, such as duplications, deletions, inversions or rearrangements of a large number of bases substitution of a single nucleotide for another.

Answer 7

Macroalterations – refer to large changes of genetic information, such as duplications, deletions, inversions
or rearrangements of a large number of bases substitution of a single nucleotide for another.

Question 8

____________________ – also called point mutations; involve changes in single base pairs that can be:________________, ____________________

Answer 8

Microalterations – also called point mutations; involve changes in single base pairs that can be: Transitions, Transversions

Question 9

__________________ – occurs when a purine base changes to an alternate purine or a pyrimidine base
changes to an alternate pyrimidine.

Answer 9

Transitions – occurs when a purine base changes to an alternate purine or a pyrimidine base
changes to an alternate pyrimidine.

Question 10

__________________ – occurs when a position with a pyrimidine changes to have a purine; or, purine to
pyrimidine.

Answer 10

Transversions – occurs when a position with a pyrimidine changes to have a purine; or, purine to
pyrimidine.

Question 11

______________________________ MUTATIONS – are point mutations that involve the substitution of a single
nucleotide for another that can yield three possible effects: ____________, _____________, ______________

Answer 11

Base Substitution MUTATIONS – are point mutations that involve the substitution of a single
nucleotide for another that can yield three possible effects: Silent, Missense, Nonsense

Question 12

_______________ MUTATION – is a change in a nucleotide that does not result in a changed the amino acid
sequence, i.e., the new codon just happens to code for the same amino acid.

Answer 12

Silent MUTATION – is a change in a nucleotide that does not result in a changed the amino acid
sequence, i.e., the new codon just happens to code for the same amino acid.

Question 13

______________ MUTATION – is a change in both the nucleotide and the amino acid sequence which may or
may not result in a mutant phenotype (depending upon whether the altered amino acid is important for function).

Answer 13

Missense MUTATION – is a change in both the nucleotide and the amino acid sequence which may or
may not result in a mutant phenotype (depending upon whether the altered amino acid is important for function).

Question 14

_______________ MUTATION – occurs when there is a sudden polypeptide chain termination due to the
creation of a stop codon.

Answer 14

Nonsense MUTATION – occurs when there is a sudden polypeptide chain termination due to the
creation of a stop codon.

Question 15

____________________ MUTATIONS – are the result of a single base, or more, insertion or deletion. The result can be the generation of an entirely different protein from the point within the coding region where it occurs. Because they may involve many bases or just one, frameshifts are sometimes macroalterations and sometimes microalterations. It has two types:________________, _________________

Answer 15

Frameshift MUTATIONS – are the result of a single base, or more, insertion or deletion. The result can be the generation of an entirely different protein from the point within the coding region where it occurs. Because they may involve many bases or just one, frameshifts are sometimes macroalterations and sometimes microalterations. It has two types: Deletion, Insertion

Question 16

_______________ MUTATION – a single nucleotide or even large sections of DNA are lost

Answer 16

Deletion MUTATION – a single nucleotide or even large sections of DNA are lost

Question 17

______________ MUTATION – one or more nucleotides are added in the DNA sequence

Answer 17

Insertion MUTATION – one or more nucleotides are added in the DNA sequence

Question 18

__________________ MUTATION – is of benefit to the organism. An example would be a mutation that enables the organism to survive in an environment where organisms without the mutation would die.

Answer 18

Beneficial MUTATION – is of benefit to the organism. An example would be a mutation that enables the organism to survive in an environment where organisms without the mutation would die.

Question 19

_______________ MUTATION – leads to the production of a non-functional enzyme. This will lead to the cessation of metabolic reactions essential to the life of an organism, thus it will die.

Answer 19

Harmful MUTATION – leads to the production of a non-functional enzyme. This will lead to the cessation of metabolic reactions essential to the life of an organism, thus it will die.

Question 20

_______________ MUTATION – otherwise known as neutral mutation, it causes no effects in the organism’s life and functions

Answer 20

Silent MUTATION – otherwise known as neutral mutation, it causes no effects in the organism’s life and functions