Quiz 2 Flashcards
Driftless Region
AKA “Paleozoic Plateau”
-Glaciers din’t come through this area and flatten it out, inside streams cut deep valleys, also, no sediment (debris) “drift” was left behind because no glaciers came and stirred things up
Paleozoic Plateau
A rugged area full of holes due to erosion of rock that comes from the Paleozoic area
-contains bedrock and limestone
karst topography
the landscape in the Driftless region, or Paleozoic Plateau, “hilly” landscape full of holes, caves, sinkholes, and deep valleys which were all caused by erosion
Decorah Shale
Directly underneath the Galena Limestone
-it’s impermeable to water so water spreads out along top surface of the Decorah Shale and forms a long cave which leads out to a spring of water
Galena Limestone
First layer right underneath a sinkhole
-water dissolves down the Galena Limestone which dissolves away because of the reaction of calcium carbonate in the limestone and water
-opens up into a cave
calcareous tufa
the dissolved calcium carbonate from the limestone earlier exits out through the spring entrance and interacts with the O2 in the outside air
-forms a crust of precipitation on leaves and sticks, fossilizing them and rendering them useless as food sources for organisms
-builds up layers and layers at entrance over time
adaptation
a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment
fitness
the ability of an individual to produce offspring compared to other individuals in the population under a specific set of circumstances
(research) hypothesis
relays a tentative explanation/prediction to answer a question based on observation, must be tested
- (research): explanation for an observation that is predictable and testable
discovery- based inquiry
simply observing and describing what you study
*you might do this first before even forming an hypothesis
hypothesis-driven inquiry
The testing of a hypothesis
-seek to address a specific, measurable, and answerable question.
alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is one in which a difference (or an effect) between two or more variables is anticipated by the researchers; that is, the observed pattern of the data is not due to a chance occurrence
*alligator bumps might be due to sound mechanics or acne, rather than original hypothesis that they are used to detect ripples in water that indicate prey is nearby
controlled experiment
all conditions except one, the dependant variable, are left constant
replication
if the experiment can be replicated and produces the same results, it’s more likely to be correct
dependent variable
A dependent variable is a variable whose value depends upon independent variable s. The dependent variable is what is being measured in an experiment or evaluated in a mathematical equation. The dependent variable is sometimes called “the outcome variable.” Y AXIS
independent variable
is a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. For example, someone’s age might be an independent variable. X AXIS
What is limestone made of and what are it’s qualities?
calcium carbonate, it erodes and dissolves easily
important things to note about adaptation and fitness
-not all traits will increase fitness (brown vs blue eyes in humans), so not all traits are adaptations
-a trait might be advantageous under some conditions but not under others (environmental changes)
-Fitness doesn’t always mean the organism is the fastest and the strongest and the biggest
Aspect of Experimental Design???
-controlled experiment
-control group
-treatment group
Treatment group
has manipulation in the experiment
-group that receives a treatment in an experiment. The “group” is made up of test subjects (people, animals, plants, cells etc.) and the “treatment” is the variable you are studying.
Bar graph with error bars
bar represents the average (mean) and the error bars represent variability in the data
X-axis
independent variable (cover or no cover on bumps of alligator jaw)
Y-axis
Dependent variable (time, voltage going through body when drop of water released in the dark)
n
number of replicates, (12 replicates), # of alligators tested in each condition (24 total)
Descriptive Statistics
Describe the data using central tendency of the data (mean/avg, median, mode) to tell us something about a population
drawback: the median will be the same regardless of the variability of the data so need to use another technique
Describe the data using the variability of the data
shown with error bars, if error bars overlap, probably very similar, show how much variation there is in the sample of individuals
*use range
Inferential Statistics have two types of hypthesis
H sub 0 and H sub A
H0
Null hypothesis, no difference between treatments
*Statistical hypothesis that the observations are no the result of the proposed explanation, there is no effect/ no difference
HA
alternative hypothesis, there is a difference btwn treatments, different from the experimental hypothesis
*Statistical hypothesis that the proposed explanation for observations has a significant effect
What is a test statistic?
a value calculated when you run a specific statisticized test)
-every test produces a test statistic
Types of statistical tests
Chi-square test (x^2 value)- tests proportions
t-test (t value)- compares 2 means
ANOVA (F value)- compares 3 or more means
What is a p value
the probability of observing the data if the H0 was true
p=>0.05
Biodiversity according to E.O Wilson
“the variety and variability among living organisms and th ecological complexes in which they occur”
How do we measure diversity
through measures of diversity like
-abundance
-species richness
-eveness
Abundance (n)
the number of individual organisms
Species abundance is the number of individuals per species, and relative abundance refers to the evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community. Two communities may be equally rich in species but differ in relative abundance.
Species Richness (S)
the number of taxa or species present
Evenness (J)
“relative abundace”, how equally distributed are individuals among different taxa
what is the Chi-Sqaure Contingency Test (x^2)
a statistical test to analyze proportions between treatments
Formula for Chi-Sqaure Contingency Test (X^2)
X^2 = E (0i -Ei)^2/Ei
X^2: test stat
0i: observed counts for each taxon i
Ei: expected counts for each taxon i
*we want the expected counts to be close or same as observed counts, assuming the A0 is true
What does the p-value mean?
The opposite of the test statistic, as x test stat gets bigger, p value probability that null hypothesis is true decreases
X^2= (oi-e-)^2/ei + that again for all 4 total
If observations were similar to the expected value, would X^2 BE LARGER OR SMALLER?
SMALLER
Species
a population of organisms that have the potential to interbreed and produce viable (able to survive) and fertile offspring
native
a species living in an area where it evolved so it is adapted to the local conditions
non-native/exotic/introduced
-species living outside of the area where they evolved
-most are moved by humans
invasive
non-native species that outcompete native species and take their resources
endemic
a native species confined to a small geographic area, lives nowhere else on the planet
endangered/threatened
species populations are decreasing and so populations are so small that they may disappear
*once a species is gone, it’s gone
species richness (S) and equation
-the number of species in a community.
to measure species richness you simply count the number of different species present
species diversity: the number of different taxa, SPECIES RICHNESS
relative abundance (=evenness) (J’) and formula
refers to the evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community.
J’= H’/H max
Hmax= lnS
S= number of species
ln= natural log
H’= shannon diversity index
Shannon Diversity Index (H’)
A method of objectively quantifying species diversity, also considers species richness (S) and evenness (J’)
-By itself H’ doesn’t mean much, need to compare communities
-the bigger the value, the more diverse the community
morphology
the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts.
barcoding
looks at differences in DNA & RNA to distinguish between different species
-similarity implies relatedness
BLAST
enter a sequence of DNA from a collected sample, finds regions of similarity between biological sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance.
*Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
Phylogenetic diversity
Evolutionary distinctiveness, want to have species from many different phylogenic branches on the tree of life
functional diversity
different species have different roles in the ecosystem due to unique traits
genetic diversity
equals variability
-among individuals in a population
-among populations of the same species
*variation is needed for natural selection, allows populations to adapt to changing environment
ecosystem diversity
Involves interactions among species with one another and their environment and types of habitats
What is Biodiversity?
“The variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur” -E.O. Wilson
Shannon Diversity Index (H’) Formula
H’ = - E x pi x ln(pi)
x= multiply
-= negative sign
E=sum
pi= proportion
ln= natural log
Where down find the most biodiversity?
-tropics, highest species richness along equator, lots of plant growth year round which provides more energy to other organisms
-this are has had more time for species to evolve because glaciers and ice age didn’t wipe species out and force them to re-adapt
Biodiversity Hot Spots
Areas with high species richness, many endemic species, and large numbers of threatened or endangered species, in addition need to have lost at least 70% of habitat or vegetation
*these areas need to be protected
BLAST DNA SAMPLE HOMEWORK, what was the scientific name of organism found?
Dendrobates auratus
Dendrobates auratus common name
Green and Black Poison Dart Frog
What is pi?
-the abundance of taxon/species
-the proportion of taxon/species
-the taxonomic or species richness
-pi proportion: the number of individuals of taxon/species divided by the total number of individuals of all taxa/species
-a number between 0 and 1, add up to 1 though
-PROPORTIONS
How is the alternative hypothesis different from the experimental hypothesis?
The alternative hypothesis says that there is a difference in treatment groups and the experimental hypothesis explains why there is a difference in treatment groups
