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Biology 151 > Exam 2 Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population Ecology

A

The study of how and why population size, structure, and distribution patterns change over time

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2
Q

Population definition

A

a group of individuals of the same species in a particular area so they can potentially interact
*you potentially could interact with everyone here at Luther

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3
Q

Why study populations?

A

-to understand what factors affect/might be influencing population increase or decrease
-to make predictions about change in populations in the future
-effectively manage populations (wildlife) through hunting and fishing

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4
Q

Distribution

A

where are members of the population located?

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5
Q

Abundance

A

how many individuals are there in the population?

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6
Q

Range

A

the entire geographic area where members of a species are found
*affected by abiotic and biotic factors
-contains overexploitation, habitat loss, and extirpation

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7
Q

Biotic factors that affect bobcat range and therefore abundance and distribution?

A

1) food availability (PREY): squirrels in forests and rabbits in prairies
2) competition for space (territoriality)

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8
Q

Abiotic factors that affect bobcat range and therefore abundance and distribution?

A

1) snowfall- bobcats can’t walk on snow far North, lynx have adaptation of big feet and can
2) overexploitation
3)habitat loss
4) extirpation

some ovals hate Eli

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9
Q

Overexploitation

A

-over harvesting (bobcat fur in midwest)
-not enough being born to replace those killed
-need a sustainable population

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10
Q

Habitat Loss

A

conversion of forests and prairies in 1800’s to cropland of corn and soybeans ELIMINATED PREY

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11
Q

Extirpation

A

a localized extinction
-species exists in parts of range but extinct in others

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12
Q

Quantifying Abundance- How do we determine population size?

A

Census and Sampling

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13
Q

Census

A

count every individual in the population
-works well for small populations of organisms that are visible and easy to see

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14
Q

Sampling Def

A

a way to estimate population size of smaller animals that are hard to count, take samples

sample: a subgroup of a population

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15
Q

Types of Sampling

A

1) Mark-Recapture
2) Plots
3) Quadrants
4)Transects

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16
Q

Mark-Recapture Sampling

A

mark 100 bobcats, release them, capture 50, 10 of them are already marked, what’s the estimate size of the population?

Lincoln Index: N= Mxn/m

N- size of population
M- # marked initially
n- # of all individuals in 2nd sample
m= # of marked ind from 1st sample in 2nd sample

100x50/10 = 500

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17
Q

Plot Sampling

A

Used to sample large ares
ex: trees in HRW
-Center point and 8 m circle out from that to get 200 m2

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18
Q

Quadrant Sampling

A

used for smaller organisms in smaller areas, like plants in a 1m by 1m square
-let us calculate density, percent cover, and biomass

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19
Q

Demography

A

the study of how population changes over time, space, ect

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20
Q

Models

A

help is understand and describe change in a population

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21
Q

Population growth model

A

what affects population size?

births (natality) and immigration increase

deaths (mortality) and emigration decrease

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22
Q

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

A

population growth model

dN/dt = rN (population growth rate)

N- number of ind in the population (pop size)

dN- d is the change and dN is the change in population size

t- time (min, sec, years)

dt- change in time

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23
Q

what is “r”? formula?

A

The per capita rate of increase (per capita means ‘for each ind in the pop’)

r=b-d

b=birthrate or number of births
d= death rate or number of deaths
r= number of individuals added to or subtracted from population per individual in population

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24
Q

r=0

A

population neither increasing or decreasing, stable

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25
Q

r>0

A

population increasing, more births than deaths

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26
Q

r<0

A

population decreasing, more deaths than births
*without immigration will decrease more

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27
Q

exponential growth and r on the chart?

A

a high ‘r’ will make a steeper j-shaped curve

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28
Q

a small population of fruit flies has the same per capita rate of increase (r) as a large population of fruit flies, if everything else is equal why will the large population add more individuals per unit of time?

A

-start with 10 fold the amount of population
-at different point in the curve
-higher up on the y-axis for “N” the sooner the line will hit the slope

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29
Q

trends for exponential growth on a graph (3)

A

N vs t graph- population size over time (assume n>0)

dN/dt vs N graph- population growth rate/size of population

r vs N plot- where r=1/N * dN/dt (rate isn’t changing)

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30
Q

N vs t graph- population size over time (assume n>0)

A

j shaped curve, N on y axis, t on x axis
-as time increases, population increases, and population rate gets steep er

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31
Q

dN/dt vs N graph- population growth rate/size of population

A

diagonal line going ip
-dN/dt on y axis, N on x axis
-rate doesn’t change but the size of the population increases

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32
Q

r vs N plot- where r=1/N * dN/dt (rate isn’t changing)

A

straight line starting halfway up y axis going straight across
-r on y axis, N on x axis
-rate isn’t changing

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33
Q

is the exponential growth model useful?

A

it’s unrealistic because it is assuming there are unlimited resources, it can’t increase forever

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34
Q

For exponential growth you need founders in a new habitat- what are founders?

A

ex) endangered elephant, only two left, population begins to roe

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35
Q

What is an “annual restart” and how does it relate to exponential growth?

A

every year in a population just a few individuals survive through the winter with many resources that decrease as more reproduce and population grows again
-every yr exponential growth occurring
-invasive species
ex) monarchs, bumblebees

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36
Q

Why do populations get “knocked back” (eventually re-bounce and add to exponential growth)

A

-harsh winter, habitat loss, excessive hunting, disease, hurricane

*creates an empty habitat that then a population can explode in

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37
Q

Why don’t populations grow exponentially forever?

A

resources are limited
-competition for resources
-these factors affect birth and death rates (b and d)

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38
Q

what is “carrying capacity” in exponential growth?

A

K= the maximum number of individuals in a population that can be maintained by the available resources
-the “ideal” population size

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39
Q

LOGISTIC GROWTH uses the …

A

logistic growth model

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40
Q

Logistic growth model formula

A

dN/dt= r * (k-n/k) *N

*this new addition influences “r”, the individual rate of population growth, Dn/dt

N=population size

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41
Q

In logistic growth, how does (K-N)/K affect r and dN/dt when N is very small?

A

-if N0=10, K=1,000

1,000-10/1,000
-about 1

*minimal impact on intrinsic per capita rate of increase and population size (almost no impacts)

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42
Q

In logistic growth, how does (K-N)/K affect r and dN/dt when N is very large?

A

-if N=900 and K=1000

1000-900/1000
-about 0.1

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43
Q

In logistic growth, how does (K-N)/K affect r and dN/dt when N>K?

A

-you get a negative number which makes population growth decrease

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44
Q

On a logistic growth curve, where is r the slowest and fastest?

A

slowest at top part of “S” curve, fastest at the bottom start of it

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45
Q

On a logistic growth curve, where is dN/dt largest?

A

on the going up part of the “S” curve

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46
Q

after population burst and run out of resources, when can ? be positive again?

A

once N gets below K again

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47
Q

see notes for clicker question

A
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48
Q

how many trend graphs for logistic growth?

A

3

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49
Q

N vs t graph (assume r>0)

A

-dashed K at top, classic “S” curve with N on y axis and t on x axis

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50
Q

dN/dt vs N plot

A

-frowny face with peak in middle of graph
-dN/dt on y axis and N on x axis
-curve starts at N0 and ends at K

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51
Q

r vs N plot (because of K-N/K)

A

line starting from top diagonally down to lower right
-r on y axis
-N on x axis
-N0 at 0 on x axis and K at very far right on x axis

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52
Q

Examples of logistic growth

A

-sheep in Tasmania: carrying capacity in environment can fluctuate year to year based on environment
-fur seals in st Paul island, Alaska: K fluctuates a bit depending on resources

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53
Q

What makes the population growth rate (dN/dt) change as N increases?

A

dN/dt (rate of population increase) will slow as N increases towards K

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54
Q

Density Dependent Factors

A

intensity of impact increase as population grows ( as N increases, intensity increases)

-competition for food, shelter, space, mates
-Disease, stress, parasites, predation

*impact is dependent on population size

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55
Q

Fecundity

A

potential for reproduction, measured by r= per capita rate of increase (# of offspring have)

how many offspring produced
*fecundity decreases as density (N) increases

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56
Q

Density Indepedant Factors

A

things that impact b and d rates, independent of population size

-can knock back size of a population
ex) doesn’t matter how many people are in FL, hurricane still impacted them

-storms, drought, fire, landslides, volcanoes, severe winters

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57
Q

Why do we use such simple population growth models?

A

to understand what happens with population
-models make many simplifying assumptions but can also make some general conclusions

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58
Q

Key assumptions for both exponential and logistic growth models

A

1) models are influenced by initial conditions
ex) what is N0?

2) models assume constant conditions

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59
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

seemingly “random” environmental conditions that affect the models

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60
Q

at low N, environmental stochasticity may do what?

A

drop population below min population size (N0) causing extirpation or extinction

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61
Q

Life History Strategies

A

-how individuals allocate their resources (energy/time) for developmental growth, ability to reproduce, and survival
-diff species make diff choices and this affects their fitness because RESOURCES ARE LIMITED

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62
Q

fitness

A

ability of an individual to produce viable and fertile offspring in comparison to others in a population

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63
Q

Life History Continuum (r-K continuum)

A

-its impossible to maximize growth, reproduction, AND survival
-you must choose

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64
Q

r- selection populations

A

r-selected species: exhibit traits that are more advantageous at low N (high r)

-age at first reproduction is early
-short life span
-short maturation time
-often high Mortality rate
-many offspring produced per reproductive episode
-little or no parental care
-small size of offspring

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65
Q

K- selection populations

A

K-selected species: exhibit traits at are advantageous at high N near K (very low r)

-age at first reproduction is late
-long life span
-long maturation time
-low mortality rate
-few offspring produced per reproductive episode
-often extensive parental care
-large size of offspring

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66
Q

Population Age Structure has 3 aspects

A

-life tables
-survivorship curves (Nt vs age)
-age pyramids

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67
Q

Life tables

A

way of describing the probability an individual is going to survive and reproduce at different ages (various age classes)

68
Q

cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age followed from birth/hatching to death
-1000 ind of proportion alive at beginning of each age class (min, yr, days, etc)

69
Q

Description of life table columns letters to know

A

x
Nx
lx
mx
Ro

70
Q

x

A

age class (unit of age)

71
Q

Nx

A

number of individuals alive at the start of the age class

72
Q

lx

A

survivorship, proportion of ind alive at the start of the age class

73
Q

mx

A

age specific fecundity, how many offspring produced by an individual alive during an age class

74
Q

Ro

A

Net reproductive rate=E lx * mx

75
Q

Survivorship Curves (3)

A

Type I,II,III

76
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

high survivorship, low fecundity
*characteristics of k selected species
ex) humans, dolphins

77
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A

die more or less squally throughout their lifespan across all age classes
ex) many birds

78
Q

Type III survivorship curve

A

high fecundity but low survivorship
*r-selected species
ex) fish, trees, insects

79
Q

Age pyramids

A

graph out lx and Nx from life tables
-if even, pop stable
-more at top than bottom- declining
-more at bottom than top- increasing

80
Q

community definition

A

all of the population of species that interact with one another in a given area

81
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

-interaction between species have impact on fitness, 4 types

82
Q

+/0

A

commensalism, one species benefits, other species unaffected
ex) cattle egret/bison

83
Q

+/+

A

mutualism, both species benefit
ex) plants/bees or clownfish/sea anemone

84
Q

-/-

A

competition, both species suffer and decrease fitness
ex)bear and wold fight over bison carcass

85
Q

+/-

A

consumption, one species benefits, other suffers (through predation, herbivory, parasitism)
ex) bald eagle/fish or tick/human

86
Q

niche

A

range of resources a species uses to survive, grow, and reproduce

87
Q

resources can be biotic or abiotic and found in gradients

A

biotic- food, pollinators, food size
abiotic- space, water, temp, sunlight, nutrients

88
Q

resources are multidimensional

A

each species needs multiple resources (3d-10d)

89
Q

competition

A

2 species trying to use the same resource, use or defense of a resource that reduces its availability to another species

90
Q

what happens when two species compete?

A

the outcome depends on the amount of niche overlap
-neither benefits from the competition unless one who outcompetes the other to extinction lives in the end and has resource all to itself

91
Q

niche overlaps have two types

A

partial overlap and complete overlap

92
Q

partial overlap

A

competition occurs for some common resource both species need but species can still SHARE the resource in the overlap of the niches

93
Q

complete overlap

A

2 species use the same niche
ex) paramecium, Neanderthals, invasive species

94
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the theoretical range of resources a species could use

95
Q

realized niche

A

the fundamental niche a species actually uses when in competition

96
Q

niche differentiation (aka: resource partitioning)

A

competition leads to changes in traits of competing species so both species survive and competition is decreased
ex) galapogos finch

97
Q

community structure: how do ecologists describe communities?

A

1) composition
2) structural complexity
3) roles of species in communities

98
Q

composition

A

-what species are present?
-species richness (S)
-relative abundance/evenness (J’)
-diversity, shannon index (H’)

99
Q

structural complexity

A

the physical shapes and sizes of the species present in a community and how they fit together

4 types

100
Q

Typical plant community structure

A

-seen from tallgrass prairies to tropical rainforest

-leaf litter/herbaceous layer and course woody debris

-canopy

-understory

-emergents

101
Q

leaf litter/herbaceous layer and course woody debris

A

(spring wildflowers and seeds here)
-on the ground

102
Q

canopy

A

full grown trees, the height of the forest

103
Q

understory

A

small trees growing below canopy

104
Q

emergents

A

few individuals that grow above the canopy

105
Q

Roles of species in communities

A

a) trophic roles
b) trophic relationships

106
Q

Trophic roles

A

autotrophs and heterotrophs

107
Q

autotrophs

A

(self-feeders) carry out photosynthesis, conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of glucose
PRODUCERS- “coverters”

108
Q

heterotrophs

A

(other feeders) organisms that eat another organism to obtain chemical energy
CONSUMERS

109
Q

3 TYPES OF HETEROTROPHS

A

-herbivores
-predators and parasites
-decomposers/detritivores

110
Q

herbivores

A

plant eaters

111
Q

predators and parasites

A

eat other animals

112
Q

decomposers/detritivores

A

organisms that eat detritus

113
Q

detritus

A

dead and decaying organic matters (animals, fungi)

114
Q

trophic relationships have three aspects

A

-food chain
-food web
-trophic levels

115
Q

food chain

A

living from primary producer to primary decomposers or consumer, to 2nd consumer and on and on

Trophic level: where on the food chain do you eat

116
Q

food web

A

all of the integrating species at different trophic levels exchanging energy and nutrients

117
Q

trophic levels

A

1st- producers
2nd- herbivores
3rd and up- predators

118
Q

are all species equally important

A

how to determine abundance, dominance, biomass, keystone species, top down control, and trophic cascades

119
Q

Abundance

A

how many ind. in a given area?

120
Q

dominance

A

what species dominates through its size
ex) basal area

121
Q

Are all species equally important?

A

no, some are keystone species

122
Q

Keystone

A

a plant or animals that plays a unique role in the community and it exhibits a disproportional influence relative to its abundance- on how the community functions

ex) sea otters in kelp forests

123
Q

Top-Down Control

A

a species at a higher trophic level (sea otter) influences distribution and abidance of species at lower trophic levels

-predator limits prey

124
Q

Top down control causes

A

trophic cascades

125
Q

trophic cascades

A

a series of changes in the abundance and distribution of species in a food web/community caused by ADDITION or REMOVAL of a keystone species
-results in dramatic change in community structure and nutrient cycling
-ex: wolves in Yellowstone National Park
-have a big network

126
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

create niches/habitats for other species
ex) beaver

127
Q

what is a disturbance

A

a short lived disruption to bring a biological community that rebuilds species or changes the abundance of different species or changes the distribution of resources in the community

128
Q

Types of Disturbances

A

Natural and Anthropogenic

129
Q

natural disturbances

A

fire, wind, ice, blizzard. drought, landslides,earthquake, volcanoes, glaciers, FLOODS

130
Q

Anthropogenic disturbances

A

“human caused”
ex) fire, development of housing, invasive species introduction, air pollution, global warming, habitat fragmentation, FLOODs from dams

131
Q

frequency

A

how often to disturbances occur
*see chart
-not all disturbances happen at the same frequency and have the same level of impact on a community

132
Q

severity

A

how intense is the impact of the disturbance?
-vary in intensity and impact
ex: high intensity crown fire vs low intensity surface fire

133
Q

scale of disturbance

A

how big is the area that is being disturbed?
ex: bison wallows

134
Q

Disturbance Regimes

A

-what is the regular pattern of disturbances in a community?

135
Q

Tall grass praire disturbances

A

fire and grazing

136
Q

Grand Canyon disturbances

A

annual spring flood now is artificially replicated because of dam

137
Q

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

A

Species diversity will be highest in communities with intermediate levels of disturbance (disturbance regime)

138
Q

Succession

A

the sequential development, or recovery, of communities after a disturbance
-2 types

139
Q

primary succession

A

when a disturbance removes the organisms and the soil from the surface
ex) intense fire, flood, landslide, volcano

140
Q

secondary succession

A

reeves most of organisms but leaves the soil
ex) cooler fire, logging, grazing, windstorms

141
Q

successional pathway

A

the sequence of species over change following a disturbance

142
Q

pioneer species

A

typical first species to show up (weeds)

143
Q

steps of successional pathways

A

1) Pioneering species (abandoned agriculture field .weeds/wind)
2) early successional community (longer lived herbaceous)
3) mid-successional communities (shrubs and short lived trees)
4) late successional communities (long lived trees, temperature forest)

144
Q

what is the primary factor that influences species richness on a global scale

A

latitude

145
Q

global patterns need to be

A

stable

146
Q

latitude

A

distance N or S from equator

147
Q

latitudinal species richness gradient

A

shows that life is most abundant and diverse in the tropics

148
Q

local patterns

A

larger ares with more species than smaller area

149
Q

species-area relationships def

A

the number of species found within an area in relation to are of the habitat *area affects species richness ?

150
Q

species-area relationships equation and graph

A

S=cA^z

S= number of species
c=y intercept?
A=area
z= slope of line?

*S is dependent on A?

-a loglog scala in a straight line with number of species on the y axis, and area in miles squared on the x axis going up into right hand corner? can it curve?

151
Q

what explains this relationship btwn area and species richness?

A

The theory of island biogeography

152
Q

who wrote the theory of island biogeography?

A

MacArthur and Wilson in 1967

153
Q

What is the heory of island biogeography?

A

the number of plant and animal species on an island is related to the area of the island’s landmass and degree of isolation
*species richness is higher on larger islands and nearshore islands
*species richness is lower on smaller, isolated islands

154
Q

aspects that make up the theory of island biogeography?

A

immigration
extinction
emigration ???

155
Q

island equilibrium model

A

rates of immigration or extinction on y axis, number of species on the island on x axis immigration starts at top and curves down, extinction starts at bottom and curves up
-the meeting point is the equilibrium point

156
Q

equilibrium point

A

the expected number of species in a community???

157
Q

What influences immigration and extinction rates?

A

-species richness depends on island size and remoteness
-larger/near islands have high imm rates and low extinction rates
-smaller/remote islands have low immigration rates and high extinction rates

158
Q

SIZE of the island

A

-bigger islands have bigger resources
-rate of imm increases as size increases (more resources, niches, habitats, topography)
-rate of extinction decreases as island size increases??? decreases??? more space to co-exist???

159
Q

size of the island graph

A

rate of immigration or extinction on the y axis, small island and large island paint, and number of species on island for x axis
-see chart, I’m sorry

160
Q

DISTANCE from mainland

A

if an island is closer to shore, it’s easier for species to find it
-same thing, there’s also a remote and near block on the y axis

161
Q

the usefulness of island biology

A

larger parks have lower extinction rates
-prairies here are islands in farmland
-national parks/preserved areas importance

162
Q

metapopulations

A

-population of populations (subgroup)
-regional group of connected populations of a single species
-dynamic: extinction and recolonization of local population is common, will re-introduce to extinct area island
-due to habitat fragmentation, more species forced into the population structure
ex) Otto skippers on Hill Prairies in NE IA (48.7% loss since 1980s)

163
Q

principles of conservation reserve design

A

-based on theories of island biogeography
-larger reserve, completely protected, wildlife bridges, more resources, unfragmented
ex) Y2Y initiative- Yellowstone to Yukon

164
Q

but still….. fragmentation is an issue that causes

A

habitat loss and degradation

165
Q

edge effect

A

abrupt transitions between habitats

Biology 151 (7 decks)

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