Quiz 1 Flashcards
Species richness
How many species can live in one area
Species and Biological Species Concept
a species is a group of similar organisms that interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring and are reproductively isolated from other species (this is the concept)
Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying living organisms based on features and characteristics (physical and genetic)
Biological nomenclature
The system, or language, to use when naming organisms, in latin because its a dead language and will not change
Carolus Linnaeus
1700’s, latinized species which created biological nomenclature, wrote the book “the system of nature”
Hierarchical taxonomic categories
Drunk Katie Perry Comes Over For Grape Soda
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Broadest——————————————most specific
example: Eukarya, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Danus, Danus plexipuss
Taxa/Taxon
a term used to group related organisms at ANY of those different categoric levels
Scientific name
-italicized and uppercase first word, lowercase second
-can abbreviate to first letter of first word
ex: D. plexippus
Binomen
2 names
Phylogeny
A way to classify organisms- drawn out like a family tree that describes the hypothesized evolutionary history of a species or a group
Basis for Classification
specific features and characteristics on or in organisms or phylum
what features are on a Phylogenetic Tree?
contains tips, lines, nodes, MRCA
Sister Taxa
Two taxa coming from the same MRCA node
Branch Point/Node
show connections of taxa on the phylogenetic tree
Common Ancestor
An ancestor that two or more descendants have in common
MRCA
The most recent common ancestor (the node connecting 2 taxa)
Tree of Life
A tree of all living organisms that shows they are all related
Eukaryote
Cells that have nucleus inclosed in nuclear envelope (in plants and animals)
Multicellular
in plants and animals
Cell walls
in plants, not in animals because animals have flexible membranes instead
Motile
Plants can’t move, animals are motile because of neuromuscular system
Heterotrophs
“other feeder”- consume organisms that produce glucose or ate something else that with glucose, animals
Autotrophs
create energy from the sun into sugar using photosynthesis, plants
What challenges do organisms living in deserts face?
-lack of water
-lack of vegetation/food (little biodiversity)
-heat/sun
-no protection
-extreme weather changes throughout day/night
-sand in respiratory system
What makes the Namib desert unique?
-close too Atlantic Ocean but winds blow west across land so no moisture blows in
-water is really cold due to current from Atlantic
-makes fog in early morning because warm land and cool water
-winds from the east keep it dry otherwise
How do darkling beetles in the Namib desert adapt to challenges of life in the desert?
-angle bodies on sand dunes to “bask” in fog to collect a drop of moisture and drink it
-it rains very infrequently but when it does vegetation blooms and dies quick and beetles eat dried up leaves and seeds that blow across land
-locomotion (speedy legs, body off hot sand) and thermoregulation (bury deep into cooler sand) help stay cool and escape predators
-tap butt on ground to make vibrations in sand to find a mate
-gas exchange through sphericals
Ecology
“oikos” meaning ‘home’
The study of WHY organisms live where they do and how they are INFLUENCED by biotic (living) and abiotic(non-living) factors
Environment
All the external factors and conditions that affect an organism during its life
*primarily abiotic conditions
Two types of environments
Terrestrial and aquatic
Terrestrial environments and what determines what type they are
Deserts- <10’’ rain/yr
Grasslands- 10-30’’ rain/yr
Forrest- >30’’ rain/yr
RAINFALL
Aquatic environments and what determines the type
-marine (coral reef): saltwater
-lake/pond: freshwater and no current
-stream/river: freshwater and current
Evolution
the study of how populations of animals CHANGE over time
speciation
the formation (divergence) of a new species
*ex: marine iguana and land iguana both descendants of green iguana
Biodiversity
1: The variety of species, “species richness”
2: The variability within a species (need variability for evolution to happen)
3: The types of evironments in which organisms live (because different organisms are adapted to live in different environments)
Levels of Ecological study and what they focus on
1) organisms- morphological, physiological, behavioral adaptations of ind
2) populations- how and why pop grow or decline over time and space
3) communities- how different species interact and how interactions change/time
4) ecosystems- interactions btwn communities and abiotic environ (flow of energy and nutrient cycle)
5) the biosphere (global)- processes that transcend ecosystems, ex: climate change
—–okay, pop-corn Evan bowen
Conservation Bio
effort to study, preserve, and restore threatened genetic diversity in populations, species diverse in communities, and ecosystems to create remedies for threatened environment to preserve biodiversity, clean air, pure water, protect soils
What determines distribution and abundance of organisms?
ecological niche- the range of conditions that a species can tolerate and range of resources it can use
*a product of the abiotic and biotic past and present
Why is ecology important?
-there are so many variables at play
-its collaborative and interdisciplinary
-we need to preserve ecosystems to survive
Present abiotic factors
-sunlight
-temp
-precipitation
-flood frequency
-salinity of floodwater
past abiotic fators
-continental drift (PANGEA)
-rising of Andes mountain range
-sea-level changes
-closing of Isthumus of Panema
present biotic factors
-tocuns eat nuts and poop out seeds who spreads them to different area
-disperal: movement of ind. from place of origin to location where they live and breed as adults
-fungal parasites can kill trees
-plants compete with other plants for access to sunlight
Past biotic factors
-evolution of plants/animals
-human impact (settlement and degradation)
-bringing exotic or invasive species
How do animals recieve energy?
from organic compounds in food, primarily through AEROBIC RESPIRATION which requires oxygen
2 types of animals in respect to how they consume oxygen
oxygen regulators and oxygen conformers
oxygen regulators
maintain own oxygen consumption even when external (ambient) oxygen levels decrease (this is most organisms)
oxygen conformity (conformers)
oxygen consumption decreases in proportion to decrease in ambient oxygen concentrations (smaller aquatic animals)
Terrestrial oxygen regulators small, medium, and large
smallest: diffuse oxygen across body surface
larger: insects tracheal tubes to carry oxygen inside to diffuse
largest: mammals with tracheal systems that have lungs
*amphibians have a combo of lungs and vascularized skin
Aquatic oxygen conformers
small: sedentary marine inverebrates
cnidarians (corals, jellys, sea anemones)
echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins)
How do mobile species find habitats?
Habitat selection: they actively choose areas they want to inhabit by considering food, protection, nesting sites, vegetation (a hierarchal feature approach to decide)
Aquatic oxygen regulators, small, med, large
smallest: zooplankton take in oxygen from water diffusion across body surface
larger: invertebrates (starfish) have gills, sea scallop, fish (gas exchange of O2 and CO2 when water flows through gills)
largest: whales and dolphins come to surface to expel CO2 and take O2 into lungs\
*some aquatic insects rise to surface to fill tracheal system with air bubble
most fundamental factors determine relationships between organism and environment is the place it’s found which is the…
Habitat
Why is habitat the most fundamental constraint on distribution of species?
Each organism needs different essential resources and conditions to be capable of sustaining basic life processes (survival and reproduction)
Phylum (phyla)
refer to major lineages within each domain (considered a branch on the tree of life)
how do immombie species find habitats?
plants: gametes and individuals are dispersed by water, wind, and animals tp arrive at a suitable site
Bergmann’s rule
states that for endotherms, body size for a species tends to increase with decreasing mean annual temperature
*temp has direct affect on animals growth and energy balance and also affects organisms prey or predators and habitat and size changing could be a result of one of those other variables too, whether shrinking or growing
Adaptations
Heritable traits that increase the fitness of an individual in a particular environment relative to the individual lacking the trait
How many species are there
about 1.7 million DESCRIBED species but about 12 million unknown
Species breakdown by percentage
Animalia- 78%
-verebrates 2.7%
-inverebrates 75%
-anthropods 65.8% (insects-57.3%)
Plantae- 18%
Other (bacteria and fungi)- 4%
Tips
different taxa at the end of the phylogenic tree
lines
represent populations over time on the phylogenetic tree
Why is it important to study diversity?
-it’s the food we eat
-its all interconnected
-species spread disease
-species produce O2 we breathe
evolution
a change in the characteristics of a population over time
populations
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
natural selection
occurs when individuals within a population vary in characteristics that are heritable and when certain versions of these traits in a particular environment help individuals strive better and reproduce more that other versions
Why is the tree of life constantly changing
Because scientists run DNA (or RNA) in sequencing programs to determine genetic variation to determine how closely related species are
What are the 3 domains>
Bacteria, and archaea and eukarya
Watershed
a geographical area in which all surface waters run-off (flow) to a common outlet or location
*here, it’s the upper iowa river
What are the two categories of abiotic factors affecting freshwater organisms?
Physical factors and chemical factors
Physical factors affecting freshwater organisms
-waterflow (current): difficult to stay in one place
-temp- affects development and activity of cold blood animals (insects are cold blooded, fish aren’t)
-light- needed for plants that photosynthesize and produce O2, water depth and turbidity (cloudiness of water)
-substrate composition: composition of bottom
*rock, sand, silt
Chemical Factors affecting freshwater organisms
salinity- the salt concentrations (freshwater has <0.5 ppt salts, marine has about 35 ppt salts parts per thousand)
O2 levels- need to break down the glucose plants produce through photosyn. through respiration (dO2= dissolved oxygen coming from plants and turbulence *air)
pH- how acidic water is
nutrients- nitrogen. phosphorus, potassium, are needed for plant growth but we don’t want too much
Can warm or cold water hold dO2 better?
cold water
What are some challenges of life in the water?
predators
current
shelter
lack of food
human influence
RESPIRATION- how do they get air?
Two types of respiratory systems in regards to aquatic animals we are studying are…
Open Respiratory Systems and Closed Respiratory Systems
What is a spiracle?
holes that open into tracheal tubes in arthropods that branch though the body and diffuse across directly into cells needed once in body *no blood required for transport
So how then does air get into organisms with open respiratory systems if they have openings that could fill with water? There are 4 ways, name them.
- Live on surface- ‘hold breath’ (close spiracles) to dive
- Snorkel- the adaptation of a respiratory SIPHON, like a snorkel when close to surface (mosquito larva and water scorpion)
- Diving Bugs- like how we use an air tank, bubble of air surrounds entire organism or over a sphricle
- Physical Gills? air bubble? this was on slide?
How does O2 enter closed repertory systems of organisms that can stay under the water indefinitely?
- Gills: blood feathery gills, water comes through moth over and past gills with dO2 diffuses across membrane in gills into blood (like human lungs kinda) *invertebrates like trout
- Tracheal tubes inside of gills, NOT BLOOD
*crayfish, damselfly, mayfly, stonefly
Difference btwn mayfly and stonefly?
mayfly has gills on the abdomen and stonefly has gills in-between legs
Breakdown the word “Benthic Macroinvertebrate”
benthic- live on bottom
macro- can be seen with the eye
invertebrate- animals without a backbone (no spine or boney skeleton) *ex: arthropods
What is insect development and how many types are there?
When an animal CHANGES FORM (metamorphosis) , insects have two types; complete and incomplete
Complete metamorphosis
eggs- larva *caterpillar- pupa *chrysalis, cocoon - adult *has wings usually and reproduces by laying eggs
DRAMATIC CHANGE IN FORM
Incomplete Metamorphosis
eggs- nymph-adult *with wings and laying eggs
*an aquatic nymph is a nyaid
Good Water Quality Indicators need what kind of water to live in?
clean water
What taxa need clean water to live in?
EPT Taxa
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera
Ephemeroptera
order name for mayflies
*incomplete metamorphosis
*gills on abdomen
*collector/gatherers and shredders
Ephemeroptera maybe are the mayflies
have incomplete metamorphosis to get those eyes
gills on the abdomen, collecting men with shredders
watch out for them when you get on the elevator
Plecoptera
order name for stoneflies
*incomplete metamorphosis
*gills between legs
*predators or shredders of plants and CPOM
Plecoptera will brick cop those stoneflies
incomplete metamorphosis is their disguise
got gills between the legs like emeneim
predators or shredders of plants and CPOM
Trichoptera
order name for Caddisflies
*complete metamorphosis
*build a case out of stones and sand and leaves for larvae
*trout love these
*gills on underside or rear end
*collectors, shredders, scrapers, predators
Trichoptera will tear-a caddy for caddisflies
Metamorphosis complete for these special guys
build cases out of stone, sand, or leaves for larvae
tasty treat for a trout will guarantee protein for days
with gills on underside or butt
collectors, shredders, scrapers, and predators so scram! scut!
Poor Water Quality Indicators
can live in polluted or low O2 water, polluted meaning lots of nutrients like nitrates and phosphorus and sediment
What taxa can live in polluted water?
Diptera: flies
*mosquito pupa, larvae, cranefly larvae, blackly larvae, rat-tailed maggot, midge
*can also live in clean water
What is the Index of Biotic Integrity?
a way to asses water quality using benthic macroinverebrates, assign each an individual value
what are indictor values for the Index of Biotic Integrity?
based on conditions an organism or taxa can survive in
How to calculate the IBI (index of biotic integrity)?
based on the number of individuals in each IV category
Paleozoic Plateau
AKA “Driftless Area”: got missed by glaciers so landscape wasn’t flattened out but carved by rivers over time, no sediment was deposited then and no debris “drift”
Is Decorah hilly?
NO! It’s valley-ey
