Quiz Flashcards
liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a
suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
Solutions
Solutions may be classified as:
• Oral solution
• Otic solution
• Ophthalmic solution
• Topical solution
Solutions, because of their composition or use,
may be classified as other pharmaceutical dosage
forms such as:
• Syrups
• Elixirs
• Spirits
• Tinctures
Certain solutions are prepared to be sterile and pyrogen- free and intended for parenteral administration are
classified as ___________
injections
When molecules interact, attractive and repulsive forces are in
effect
• When the attractive and repulsive are equal, the potential energy
between two molecules is ________ and the system is most _________
• When a solute dissolves, the substance’s intermolecular forces of attraction must be overcome by forces of attraction between
solute and solvent molecules
• This entails breaking the solute-solute forces and the solvent-
solvent forces to achieve the solute-solvent attraction.
-minimum
-stable
The solubility of an agent in a particular solvent
indicates the ________________to which a
solution may be prepared with that agent and that solvent
• When a solvent at a given temperature has dissolved all of the solute it can, it is said to be _____________.
The solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that agent and that
solvent
• When a solvent at a given temperature has dissolved all of the solute it can, it is said to be saturated.
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
- Temperature
- Chemical and Physical properties of the solute and the
solvent - Pressure
- pH of the solution
- State of the subdivision of the solute
- Physical agitation applied to the solution as it dissolves
Chemicals with positive heat of solution
• The kind that absorbs heat when dissolved
• It results to an increase solubility with an increase in
temperature
Chemicals with positive heat of solution
• The kind that releases heat when dissolved
• It results to a decreased solubility with an increase in
temperature
Chemicals with negative heat of solution
Effects of Physicochemical Properties (pressure
and temperature) of the solute and solvent
The solubility of a “pure” chemical substance at a given temperature and pressure is _____
constant
State of subdivision of the solute
(Particle size)
• The “_____” the powder, the greater the
surface area that comes in contact with the
solvent.
• Therefore, the more rapid the dissolving
process.
finer
The greater the agitation, the more _________ solvent passes over the drug
• Therefore, the faster the formulation of a
solution
unsaturated
Effect of pH of the Solution
• Many important organic medicinal agents are either “weak acids” or “weak bases.”
• Drugs as weak bases are not very water soluble, but are _______________
• Drugs as weak acids form ______________
• These drugs may separate from the solution by lowering the pH of the solvent system
Effect of pH of the Solution
• Many important organic medicinal agents are either “weak acids” or “weak bases.”
• Drugs as weak bases are not very water soluble, but are soluble in dilute solutions of acids
• Drugs as weak acids form water soluble salts in basic solutions
• These drugs may separate from the solution by lowering the pH of the solvent system
Techniques to hasten dissolution
• Application of heat
• Reduction of particle size of the solute
• Use of a solubilizing agent
• Subject the ingredients to vigorous agitation
Some solvents for liquid preparations
• Alcohol, USP
• Diluted alcohol, NF
• Rubbing alcohol
• Glycerin, USP
• Isopropyl rubbing alcohol
• Propylene glycol, USP
• Purified water, USP
• The most useful solvent, next to water
• 94.9% to 96% C2H5OH v/v
• Miscible with water and has the ability to dissolve many water-insoluble ingredients (flavorant, preservatives)
• With preservative effect
• is frequently used with other solvents such as glycols and glycerin, to reduce the amount of alcohol required
Alcohol, USP
Alcohol, USP
• However, concern has been expressed over the undesired pharmacologic and potential toxic effects
of alcohol.
• Children under 6 years of age— alcohol limit ____
• 6-12 years of age ——alcohol limit ____
• Over 12 years of age and adults—alcohol limit ______
Alcohol, USP
• However, concern has been expressed over the
undesired pharmacologic and potential toxic effects
of alcohol.
• Children under 6 years of age— alcohol limit 0.5%
• 6-12 years of age —–alcohol limit 5%
• Over 12 years of age and adults—alcohol limit 10%
• Contains equal volumes of Alcohol, USP and
Purified Water, USP
• 49% concentration
• A useful hydroalcoholic solvent
Diluted Alcohol, NF
• Contains about 70% Ethanol v/v
• Volatile and flammable, should be stored in tight containers, remote from fire
• Used externally as rubefacient, soothing rub,germicide (for instruments), skin cleanser (prior to injection), vehicle in topical preparations
Rubbing Alcohol
Rubbing Alcohol
• It is also used as a vehicle for topical preparations
• The product is volatile and flammable and should be stored in __________ remote from fire
tight containers
• Glycerol, CH2-OH-CHOH-CH2OH
• Clear, viscous syrupy liquid with sweet taste
• Miscible to both water and alcohol
• Comparable to alcohol, as solvent
• Solutes are slowly soluble (requires heating)
• Preservatives, stabilizer, auxiliary solvent with water and
alcohol
• Used extensively in internal preparations
Glycerin, USP
• 70% v/v isopropyl alcohol
• Commercially available as 91%
• External Uses: rubefacient, soothing rub, vehicle for topical products
• Commonly employed by diabetic patients in preparing needles and syringes for hypodermic injections of insulin
• Skin disinfection of diabetic patients
Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol
• CH3CH(OH)CH2OH
• Viscous liquid miscible with water and alcohol
• Useful solvent with a wide range of applications
• Suitable for glycerin
Propylene Glycol, USP
• For preparation of aqueous dosage forms, except
those intended for parenteral administration
• Contains 1% as much dissolved solids as tap water
is obtained by distillation,
ion exchange treatment, reverse osmosis or other suitable process
Purified Water, USP
• The first portion of aqueous distillate
(about the first 10-20%) must be discarded
• The last portion of water (about 10% of
the original volume of water) remaining in
the distillation apparatus must be
discarded and not subjected to further
distillation
Distillation
• On a large or small scale, ________________ offers a number of advantages over the distillation method.
• permits ease of operation, minimal
maintenance, and a more
mobile facility.
Ion-exchange Method
• On a large or small scale, the ion-exchange method for the preparation of purified water offers a number of advantages over the distillation method.
• The ion exchange process permits
ease of operation, minimal
maintenance, and a more
mobile facility.
Ion-exchange Method
• 2 types of resins in column ion-exchange
• The _________, or acid exchangers, which permit the exchange of the cations in solution with hydrogen ion
from the resin
• The ______________ exchange resins, which permit the removal of anions
• These 2 processes are successively or simultaneously employed to remove both cations and anions from wat
Ion-exchange Method
• 2 types of resins in column ion-exchange
• The cation, or acid exchangers, which permit the exchange of the cations in solution with hydrogen ion
from the resin
• The anion or base exchange resins, which permit the removal of anions
• These 2 processes are successively or simultaneously employed to remove both cations and anions from wat
• In this process, a pressurized stream of water is passed parallel to the inner side of a filter membrane core.
• A portion of the feed water permeates the membrane as filtrate
• The water that has passed through the system as referred to as the concentrate
• The flow in this crossflow system is from a more concentrated to a less concentrated solution-thus the term ___________
reverse osmosis
_________ (0.1 to 2 microns, e.g., bacteria)
_________(0.01 to 0.1 microns, e.g., virus)
_________ (0.001 to 0.01 microns, e.g.,
organic compounds in the molecular weight range of 300 to 1000)
__________ (particles smaller than 0.001 microns)
Microfiltration (0.1 to 2 microns, e.g., bacteria)
Ultrafiltration (0.01 to 0.1 microns, e.g., virus)
Nanofiltration (0.001 to 0.01 microns, e.g., organic compounds in the molecular weight range of 300 to 1000)
Reverse osmosis (particles smaller than 0.001
microns)
Reverse osmosis removes virtually all
• Virus
• Bacteria
• Pyrogens
• Organic molecules
• And 90-99% of all ions
Types of Solutions
As to its use:
• Oral solutions
• Topical solutions
• Ophthalmic solutions
• Nasal and Otic solutions
Types of Solutions
As to composition:
• Aromatic waters
• Syrups
• Elixirs
• Spirits
• Tinctures and
fluidextracts
• Douches, Enemas and
gargles
• Liniments, collodions,
,and othe
• Components
• Medicinal agents
• Flavorants, Colorants and Sweetening agents
• Stabilizers (glycerin or sorbitol)- used to inhibit
crystallization and to modify solubility
• Preservatives (parabens)
• Vehicles
Oral Solution
Oral Solution
Advantages
1.Homogenous
2. Easier to swallow than the
solid dosage forms
3. Onset of action and
bioavailability of drugs that
have slow dissolution rate are
improved
Oral Solution
Disadvantages
1.Bulky
2. Degrade more rapidly
3. More likely to interact with
other constituents
• for reconstitution prior to use
• Examples: Cloxacillin Na, Oxacillin Na, and Penicillin VK for oral solution (antibiotics)
Dry Powder for Solution
Dry powder examples:
Cloxacillin Na, Oxacillin Na, and Penicillin VK for oral solution (antibiotics)
• Available in liquid or packet of powder for
reconstitution
• Examples: Pedialyte and Rehydrate solution, Glucolyte, Oresol
Oral Rehydration Solution
Oral Rehydration Solution
• Examples:
Pedialyte and Rehydrate solution, Glucolyte, Oresol
Oral Colonic Lavage Solution
• Others-
Magnesium citrate solution
Topical Solutions
• Employed an aqueous vehicle
• Should be labeled “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY”
• Examples
- Aluminum acetate solution
- Calcium hydroxide topical solution
- Hydrogen peroxide topical solution
- Chlorhexidine gluconate solution
- Povidone iodine solution
Astringent synonyms
Limewater
Liquor calcis
is used along
with other ingredients in
dermatologic lotions and
solutions that is used topically.
Astringent
Calcium hydroxide topical
solution is a solution containing,
in each 100mL not less than
___________________
140mg of calcium hydroxide
• Ear or aural solutions
• USES:
• For the removal of excessive cerumen
• Examples: Cerumenex ear drop, Debrox drops
• For the treatment of ear infections, inflammation, or pain
• Examples: Auralgan otic solution, Americaine Otic
OTIC SOLUTIONS
Method of Preparation of Solutions
• Simple solution method
• Example: Strong iodine (Lugol’s) Solution
• Solution by Chemical Reaction
• Example: Magnesium citrate solution (saline
cathartic with the citric acid, lemon oil,
syrup, carbonation)
• Solution by Extraction
• Are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic
solutions intended for oral use, and are
usually flavored for palatability
• It’s alcohol content may vary from as
low as 5% to as high as 40%
Elixirs
2 Types of Elixirs:
________________
________________
Note: Elixirs containing at least 10% to 12% alcohol are already “self preserving”
• High Alcoholic Elixir (HAE)
• 75% to 78% alcohol
• Low Alcoholic Elixir (LAE)
• 8% to 10% alcohol
Components of Elixir Formulation
• Alcohol and Water-primary solvents
• Glycerin and Propylene glycol adjuncts (viscosity
builder and stabilizers)
• Sweeteners
• Flavorants and Colorants
• Medicinal substances
Advantages and Disadvantages of Elixirs as
Dosage Form:
Advantage
• Maintain both water-soluble and alcohol soluble components in
solution
• Stable
• Easy to prepare (by simple solution method)
Disadvantages of Elixirs as dosage form
• Less effective in masking the taste of drugs because elixirs are
less sweet and viscous
• Not recommended for children due to their alcohol content
Classes of Elixirs
• Non-medicated elixirs
• Employed as vehicles
• Ex: ___________________________
• Medicated elixirs
• Example:___________________________
Classes of Elixirs
• Non-medicated elixirs
• Employed as vehicles
• Ex: Aromatic elixir, NF and Isoalcoholic elixir
• Medicated elixirs
• Example: Diphehydramine elixir, Phenobarbital elixir, Digoxin elixir
Preparations of Elixir
•By simple solution method
•By admixture of two or more liquids
Storage and Preservation of Elixirs
• Stored in a ___________________
• Protected from excessive heat (do not store ________
Storage and Preservation of Elixirs
• Stored in a tightly closed, light-resistant
containers
• Protected from excessive heat (do not store above 40ºC
Storage and Preservation of Elixirs
• Stored in a ___________________
• Protected from excessive heat (do not store ________
Storage and Preservation of Elixirs
• Stored in a tightly closed, light-resistant
containers
• Protected from excessive heat (do not store above 40ºC
