ACT 1& 2 Flashcards
- are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances.
- They vary in method of preparation, strength of the active ingredient, alcoholic
content, and intended use in medicine or pharmacy - contain alcohol in amounts ranging from 15% to 80%
In addition to alcohol, glycerin may be employed.
- Solvent mixture is important like Compound benzoin tincture, prepared with alcohol since it contains alcohol soluble principles that are immediately precipitated from solution upon addition of water
- It must be slightly stoppered and not exposed to excessive temperature
Tinctures
Where should tinctures be stored?
Stored in light-resistant containers and protected from sunlight
DISADVANTAGES OF TINCTURE
- Unpleasant tasting
- Physician will prefer single drug instead of preparation from plants
- High alcohol content
- Coconut & Vegetable Oil-based Soap Blend, 30% Ethyl Alcohol, Glycerin, 2%Lavender Oil.
For use in:
- Traditional bulk-fill soap dispensers.
- skin cleaning after tattoo and piercing.
- suitable for cleaning the surgical instruments.
- Its oily base makes it a great skin soother and help to keep the skin soft.
-Gets its name from its natural yellowy green but can in fact be any color.
Green soap Tincture
is an antiseptic, it is also called weak
iodine solution.
-It is usually 2–7% elemental iodine, along with potassium iodide or sodium iodide, dissolved in a mixture of ethanol
and water.
-Popular local anti-infective agent applied to the skin as first aid
Iodine Tincture
- is applied to skin before applying adhesive bandages
- It protects the skin from allergy to the adhesive and it makes the tape adhere much longer.
- Orthopedists applying a cast often spray in CBT an aerosol can onto skin before casting, as it protects the skin under
the cast, and diminishes itching. - It is also used as an oral mucosal protectant
Compound Benzoin Tincture (CBT)
VARIATIONS OF OFFICIAL TINCTURES ARE ON:
- Method of Preparation
- Strength of their active constituent
- Alcohol content
- Intended use in medicine or pharmacy
Method of Preparation of Tinctures
- By simple solution
- By extraction
a method of preparation of tinctures
where tinctures prepared from chemical substances.
Example: Iodine, Thimerosal, and Nitromersol tinctures
By simple solution
by maceration or percolation.
Examples: Compound Cardamom Tincture
By extraction
WHAT ARE THE TWO PREPARATION OF TINCTURES?
- Maceration
- Percolation
Examples:
-Compound BenzoinTinctures
- Sweet Orange Peel Tincture
-ToLu Balsam Tincture
- It is a process in which the properly comminuted drug is permitted to soak in the menstruum until the cellular structure is softened and penetrated by the menstruum and the soluble constituents are dissolved.
- process -placed in a wide mouth container with the solvent and the vessel must
be stoppered tightly and contents are agitated repeatedly over a period
(2-14 days) - An alternative to repeated shaking is placing it in a porous cloth like a teabag
- Then strain or filter
- Conducted at a temperature of 15ºC to 20ºC for 3 days or until soluble matter is dissolved.
Maceration
Examples:
- BelladonaTincture
- Vanilla Tincture
Percolation
meaning to soak
Macerare
- per mean through and colare means to strain
Comminuted drug is extracted of its soluble constituents by the slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column of the drug.
PERCOLATION
- special extraction apparatus
Percolator
Collected extractive
Percolate
- In the process of ___________, the flow of the menstruum over the drug column is generally
downward to the exit orifice, drawn by the force of gravity as well as the weight of the column of liquid
percolation
True or False? Tinctures are considered to be stable preparation containing alcohol to protect against microbial growth.
- Green soap Tincture -28 to 32% alcohol
- Tolu Balsam Tincture -77 to 83% alcohol
TRUE
What are the flavoring tinctures that can be used?
-vanilla tincture
-sweet orange peel tincture
-Tolu balsam tincture
What are the flavoring tinctures that can be used?
-vanilla tincture
-sweet orange peel tincture
-Tolu balsam tincture
-Anti-infective
-Iodine Tincture
-Thimerosal
-Nitromersol Tinctures
-Topical protectant
Compound Benzoin Tincture
-Topical detergent
Green soap Tincture
-Anticholinergic
BelladonaTincture
Are sweet, viscous aqueous liquids, they are concentrated aqueous preparations of
sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.
Syrup
Syrups, medically are divided into two types:
1.) Medicated syrups
2.) Non medicated syrups
:-(flavoring syrups): These syrups are intended to serve as pleasant –tasting
vehicles for medicinal substances (example cherry syrup, orange syrup, simple syrup)
Non medicated syrups
:-These contain ingredients giving them therapeutic value. (example: Antitussive, antihistamines).
- Medicated syrups
PHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYRUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR BASIC (SUGAR) FORMULATION
These are concentrated solutions of sugar (e.g. sucrose, dextrose). The use of
sucrose is preferred in the pharmaceutical preparation due to:
A. It’s purity
B. Degree of sweetness
C. Lack of color
D. Ease of handling
E. It’s inertness.
sugar based syrups
PHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYRUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR BASIC (SUGAR) FORMULATION
These are formulated with artificial sweetening agents.(e.g. Saccharin, Aspartame and sorbitol). Advantages of artificial sweeteners are:
I. Weight Control: If someone wants to lose weight, then they should use an artificial sweetening agent as virtually it carries zero calories. One gram of sugar carries 4 calories.
II. Diabetes mellitus: It also helps in controlling diabetes as it does not raise the blood sugar levels because it does not contain the carbohydrates in it.
Sugar free syrups
What are the problems associated with sucrose: it subject to two degradative
pathways:
- Fermentation
- Hydrolysis
What are the preservatives which are suitable for use in syrups:
-benzoate
-parabens
- sorbic acid
-mixture of methyl paraben and alcohols.
- Sucrose is a disaccharide and can be
hydrolyzed to give monosaccharides dextrose (glucose) and fructose (levulose)
-The hydrolytic reaction is acid specific (i.e. hydrogen ion act as a catalyst) this reaction called inversion.
Hydrolysis of sucrose
- They are fermented more easily than sucrose
- They are sweeter (together) than sucrose
- Degradation of levulose (which is formed by inversion ) is responsible for brown
color of some colorless syrups. This change called caramelization, this phenomena is take place in syrup containing acids.
THESE ARE THE PROPERTIES OF _________________?
**invert sugars (dextrose and fructose)
Generally syrups are stored at room temperature in tightly stoppered well filled
bottles, saturation and refrigeration will inhibit both mold growth and inversion, but
less than 4°C will cause liquidation
TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE - Crystallization
is used instead of sucrose in syrups containing strong acids to prevent
caramelization.
Dextrose
What is the preservative use in dextrose?and it also increases the viscosity and also give additional sweetness to the preparation.
Glycerin (30-45%v/v)
What is the saturated solution of dextrose?
70% (less viscous)
Dextrose dissolve more slowly than sucrose. TRUE OR FALSE?
True
is called artificial syrup, this type of syrup given to patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.
Sugar-Free Syrup (Non-Nutritive Syrup)
What is the sweetening agent of sugar-free syrup?
- sorbitol
- saccharine
- aspartame.
What is the viscosity builder of sugar-free syrup?
-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
-Sodium alginate.
What are the preservative used in sugar-free syrups?
-benzoic acid
-sodium benzoate.
General formula of non-nutritive syrups:
I. Sweetening agent
II. Viscosity builder
III. Preservative
IV. Purified water
It has the following properties:
- Used for diabetic patient (not cause hyperglycemia).
- Not cause dental carries.
- 60 % as sweet as sucrose.
- Have a good taste.
-Chemically stable.
- Not absorbed from GIT as rapid as sucrose
-Not irritating to the mouth and throat membrane.
-Has a laxative effect if ingested in large quantity.
-Has half the viscosity of simple syrup.
SORBITOL-BASED SYRUP
are intensely sweet vehicles which lack significant amount of alcohol and can function to
1. Mask the taste of otherwise salty or bitter drugs, e.g.,
• Raspberry syrup (a sucrose based syrup containing 48% by volume of raspberry juice. It is a pleasantly flavored vehicle used to disguise the salty or sour taste of saline medicaments.
Syrups
this syrup is a suspension of cocoa powder in an aqueous vehicle sweetened and thickened with sucrose, liquid glucose, and glycerin and flavored with vanilla and it is particularly effective in administering bitter tasting drugs to children.
cocoa syrup
Cocoa syrup is effective because of its _________________; in effect it coats the
tongue and thus it tends to inhibit diffusion of drug to the taste buds.
Like cocoa syrup, acacia syrup also has a ‘blanketing” effect to a lesser extent.
high viscosity
ANOTHER APPLICATION OF SYRUPS
2. To provide acidic pH medium
________________: a sucrose based syrup containing 47% by volume. The syrup’s tart and fruit flavor is attractive to most patients and the acidic pH of syrup makes it useful as a vehicle for drugs requiring an acid medium
Cherry syrup
this sucrose based syrup utilize sweet orange peel tincture and citric acid as the source of flavor and tartness. The syrup resembles orange juice in taste and is a good vehicle for drugs stable in an acidic
medium.
Weak acids are added for this syrup for masking the salty tastes
Orange syrup
