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Biology > Quiz 11 - Mitosis, Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, DNA Structure and Replication, and Protein Synthesis - Apr 30 > Flashcards

Quiz 11 - Mitosis, Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, DNA Structure and Replication, and Protein Synthesis - Apr 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell division?

A

process I which one parent cell divides to form two new daughter cells

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2
Q

Why is prokaryotic cells division simpler than eukaryotic cells division?

A
  • has circular chromosomes
  • no nucleus
  • few other cell structures
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3
Q

What process do prokaryotes use to replicate?

A

binary fission

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4
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A
  • DNA and cell structure replication
  • chromosome segregation
  • cytokenisis
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5
Q

Why is eukaryotic cells division more complex than prokaryotic?

A
  • mutiple chromosomes
  • many organells
  • has a nucleus
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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cells cycle?

A
  • interphase, mitosis, cytokenesis
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7
Q

How long is the cell cycle?

A

it depends on the type of cell and how specialized it is

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8
Q

What signals to cells to replicate?

A

proteins

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9
Q

When a cell is not dividing, what phase is it in?

A

interphase

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of interphase?

A

Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2)

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11
Q

When does interphase happen?

A

before mitosis

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12
Q

What happens in G1?

A

-cells recover from earlier division
- cell grows
- proteins are made for DNA replication

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13
Q

What happens in S?

A

DNA replicaiton

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14
Q

WHat happens in G2?

A
  • cells make sure DNA is replicated correctly
  • chromosome become tightly coiled and visible
  • centrioles replicate and move to the poles
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15
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

nuclear membrane dissolves an centroles move to poles

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16
Q

What are the three reasons why cells eed to perform mitosis?

A

growth, repair, replacement

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17
Q

How do you differenciate between meiosis processes and mitosis?

A

meiosis are numered, mitosis arent

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18
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromatids line up and attach to the spindle fibers

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19
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell

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20
Q

What happens in telophase

A

nuclei for and nuclear membrane forms - end of mitosis

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21
Q

What is a synonym for nuclear membrane?

A

nuclear envelope

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22
Q

what is the order of phases for mitosis?

A

PMAT

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23
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

cell membrane pinches to form two new daughter cells - undergo cleavage

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24
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

cell membrane pinches and it forms a cell plate (made from vesicles) that eventually makes the cell wall

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25
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
26
What is a nucleotide made of?
pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
27
How is the backbone connected?
covenant bonds (sharing electrons)
28
How are nitrogen bases connected?
hydrogen bonds
29
What does A pair with in DNA?
T
30
What does C pair with in DNA?
G
31
Who made the base pairing rule?
Chargaff
32
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?
2
33
How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?
3
34
What direction do hydrogen bonds run to each other?
antiparellel
35
What prime does DNA strart and end at?
starts at 5' ends at 3'
36
What does DNA replication being a semiconserative process mean?
every DNA molecules in half new and half old
37
What is the first step of DNA replication and what is the enzyme with it?
the parent DNA molecules unwinds and unzips breaking hydrogen bonds - helicase
38
WHat is the second step in DNA replication and what are the enzymes with it?
new nucleotides bond to the parents strands and errors are corrected - DNA polymerase - primase - ligase
39
What is the third step in DNA replication?
two identical DNA molecules result, each with one new strand and one old strand
40
What does helicase do?
unzips the helix
41
What does DNA polymerase do?
builds the new DNA and fixes errors as it goes
42
What direction does DNA polymerase go?
5' to 3'
43
What does primase do?
primes by adding a nucleotide to start the building
44
What does ligase do?
it bonds pieces together like glue
45
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA to RNA to protien
46
Differences between RNA and DNA?
- ribose instead of deoxyribose - single stranded instead of double stranded - uracil instead of thymine
47
what are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
48
What is mRNA?
messenger RNA, it carries instructions form DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes
49
What is rRNA?
ribosomal RNA, it forms ribosomes
50
What is tRNA?
transfer RNA, it carries amino acids to the ribosomes and attaches to the mRNA
51
What is transcription?
copying a molecule of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA
52
What is translation?
decoding mRNA into an amino acid chain that becomes a protein
53
Where does transcription happen?
in the nucleus
54
What is the first step of transcription?
RNA polymerase attaches to DNA at a promoter codon
55
What is the second step of transcription?
DNA strands are separated and one of the sides it used as a template
56
What is the third step of transcription?
RNA bases attach to one side of the DNA creating mRNA
57
What is the fourth step of transcription?
RNA polymerase recognizes a termination site on the DNA molecules and releases the new mRNA molecule
58
What is the fifth step of transcription?
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes
59
Where does translation happen?
in ribosome
60
What is the first step of translation?
mRNA codons are paired with complementary tRNA anticodons
61
What is the second step of translation?
tRNA creates a strand of amino acids
62
What is the third step of translation?
process finishes when a stop codon is reached and protein is made
63
What is a codon?
sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for amino acids to make a protein
64
What letters are used on an amino acid chart to figure it out?
the codon, NOT anti codon

Biology (8 decks)

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