(QUIZ 11)

Question 1

Chordates have heads but vertebrates are the chodates with brains in their heads!

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A non-vertebrate chordate can sense for food but it cannot coordinate a search for food. In constrast, a vertebrate has a brain which directs a deliberate search for food – it is a brainy consumer. Add a tetrapod neck to the vertebrate package and the locomotor food search gains enhanced viewing!

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Match the “primitive” vertebrate brain region to the parts

Midbrain involved in motor control & movement.

Answer 3

Cerebellum

Question 4

Match the “primitive” vertebrate brain region to the parts

Hindbrain involved in reflexes, homeostasis & basic physiological functions, relays sensory input to the cerebrum.

Answer 4

Brainstem

Question 5

Match the “primitive” vertebrate brain region to the parts

Forebrain houses olfactory sense.

Answer 5

Cerebrum

Question 6

Mammalian divergence is marked by the appearance of a neopallium that provided better visual detection for finding food.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

The mammalian smell-brain drew the mammalian masticatory system to foods which could quickly be converted to fuel a body with a high metabolic rate.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

The mammals date to ~210 mya and were tiny-bodied, visual-brained vertebrates with enlarged visual regions!

Answer 8

False

Question 9

By ~55 mya primates were present in the fossil record with sight-oriented brains associated with hand-to-mouth feeding adaptations. Visual cortex enlargement may be one of the most important trends in primate evolution. Even strepsirhine primates are more visually dependent and adapted than are non-primate mammals.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Sight-oriented brains and tactile digits are associated with tool-use by both human and nonhuman primates!

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Primates are the only organisms that use tools.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

All anthropoid taxa include at least one species known to use tools – brain size relative to body size is unimportant.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

At least one capuchin species and one macaque species are known stone-tool users!

Answer 13

True

Question 14

All hominoids use tools.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Hominoid tool involvement is variable. In this case, brain-size does not prevent more extensive use

Answer 15

African ape tool use capabilities are influenced by hand anatomy. The gorilla has extreme locomotor adaptations associated with knuckle-walking. The fingers cannot extend if the hand is straightened at the wrist. The chimp has the same knuckle-walking adaptations but to a lesser extreme than in the gorilla – as a result the chimp is capable of tool use. Don’t worry about the gorilla. It is so large and strong, that this destructive forager can simply knock-over or break-open objects to get at foods. It’s not subtle but it works!
Asian ape tool use capabilities are influenced by hand anatomy. The orangutan is a capable tool-user and, unlike African apes, dexterity is not limited by knuckle-walking. In contrast, the gibbon has extreme locomotor specializations that result in reduced thumb-to-palm muscles – tool-use is not possible.

Question 16

Match tool behavior with hominoid

Using a stick to spear fish

Answer 16

Pongo

Question 17

Match tool behavior with hominoid

Termite wands

Answer 17

Pan

Question 18

Match tool behavior with hominoid

Rain hats

Answer 18

Symphalangus

Question 19

Match tool behavior with hominoid

Sticks to retrieve food from water

Answer 19

Pan

Question 20

Match tool behavior with hominoid

Wood hammers to open nuts

Answer 20

Pan

Question 21

Match tool behavior with hominoid

Stone hammers to open nuts

Answer 21

Pan

Question 22

Ethnoarchaeological studies of chimp tool use should be consulted when reconstructing early human tool use behaviors. (1) Adult females engage in the behavior more frequently than adult males; (2) tool-use requires a lengthy period of learning; (3) juveniles learn from adults, mostly from their moms.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

“Woman the Tool Maker with her kids” probably engaged in activities similar to those of chimp moms and their offspring; nonhuman hominoid tool-use behavior has social implications. Gathering together with the ability to dine face-to-face while socializing sounds very much like the human dining experience!

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Mammalian forebrain enlargement is accomplished by elaboration of the ancient cerebrum – the base vertebrate structure upon which the mammalian neocortex is later built. Initially the cerebrum processed nerve impulses, then the basal ganglia (a unit of nerve fibers at the base of the cerebrum) appeared. It could coordinate functions between brain structures involving motor control, experiential learning, eye movement, cognition, and emotion, Importantly, the basal ganglia subsidizes and supports decision making involving action and non-action

Answer 24

True

Question 25

The reptilian brain is as simple as the fish and amphibian brain.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

We retain a primitive reptilian brain (that is more derived than a fish or amphibian brain) that provided the basis of a derived mammalian brain from which the primate brain evolved. An important aspect of vertebrate brain evolution involved the enlargement of the cerebrum in reptiles which caused medial relocation of the basal ganglia.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The neocortex is unique to mammals and consists primarily of excitatory pyramidal cells and fewer inhibitory interneuron cells. The nerve cells interact with each other and other parts of the brain within and between horizontal layers of vertical columns of the neocortex.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The undulating folds on the surface of the neocortex expand surface areas. The more folds, the more surface area and the more gray matter – gray matter in the neocortex is filled with nerve cells and unmyelinated fibers; it surrounds the white matter (myelinated nerve fibers) of the cerebrum.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Since more gray matter is thought to be indicative of intelligence, neocortex folds on the brain surface have been used to demonstrate our greater intelligence. We have more neocortex folds than a rat, a sheep, a howler monkey, a macaque, a chimp, a gorilla, and a dolphin.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Humans are differently smarter than other organisms; nonhuman organisms are differently smarter than us! This means that each species is differently adapted for the intelligences necessary for its survival.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

As shocking as it was to learn that human sexual attraction is not driven by pheromones, recent research fails to support the notion of being left-brained or right-brained!

Answer 31

True

Question 32

The mammalian neocortex is involved in higher cerebral functions that are unique to each taxon. Intelligence is about being smart at what the species does adaptively

Answer 32

True

Question 33

The primate brain is intelligent and can be applied to solving problems with tools. It is also capable of employing social tools to enhance survival. The primary tool is a social brain and that brain can be used to manipulate others for social purposes.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Macaque social versatility is a product of primate intelligence which, coupled with remarkable behavioral flexibility, allows members to live in diverse habitats and to use each other as social tools.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

A Barbary macaque female used primate social intelligence to elevate her low social rank in her society. She did so by:

Answer 35

Attacking a high-ranking female with the backup of her new high-ranking female allies.
Grooming high-ranking females and baby-sitting their offspring.

Question 36

Among nonhuman primate societies with strong social-ranking systems, high social status is associated with better access to foods, higher-ranking mating partners, & improved reproductive outcomes.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

To live well in a primate social group, an agile social intelligence allows manipulation of the social environment. Human social intelligence has expanded the range of primate social intelligence.

Answer 37

True