(QUIZ 10)

Question 1

In life history variables, in general, strepsirhines have shorter gestation, weaning, sexual maturity, and lifespans than haplorhines. However, in some variables they overlap with tarsiers and in others they overlap with anthropoid life history variables.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Once again, we can see that sexual dimorphism is most broadly expressed in catarrhines.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A relative large portion of the brain motor and sensory anatomy is dedicated to control of the fingers and independent digit control requires musculo-neural development. In humans, ot takes 6-16 years to achieve independent control of digits and there is a range of variation in the degree of dexterity finally achieved.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Primate hands and independent digit control are correlated in a number of surprising ways to primate social behaviors.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Strepsirhine and platyrrhine primates retain a primitive VNO system and are, therefore, as olfactory dependent as nonprimate mammals.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Pheromone sensitivity is pivotal human sexual behavior.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Once again tarsiers are intermediate in a set of characteristics – this time, they concern reproductive anatomy. Like strepsirhines, tarsiers have a bicornuate uterus (not the simplex uterus of other haplorhines). Like anthropoids, tarsiers have a hemochorial placenta (not the epitheliochoral placenta of other prosimians).

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Pheromone reproductive communication in primates requires direct contact.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Galagid urine-washing of hands allows VNO reproductive communication in a noyau social system.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Tarsiers were once thought to be strictly noyau in social structure but we now recognize that some live in pair-bonded family groups.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Traits associated with greater visual dependence than in non-primate mammals and with primate hand-to-mouth feeding are also correlated with aspects of primate reproductive communication.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Like all haplorhines, tarsiers communicate reproductive state visually.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Callitrichine olfactory reproductive communication is not utilized to illicit copulations. Instead, it operates to suppress reproduction in some members of the communal breeding group.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Male tarisers in pair-bonded social groups, participate in childcare.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Callitrichines, like all platyrrhines, have an active VNO system but it is reduced in size.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

In some respects, it would be fair to describe callitrichines as following the r-selected plan of rodents. Even though multiple neonates are produced by the breeding female of each group, on average, only two infants survive to adulthood.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

The communal breeding system appears to have evolved to ensure that there are numerous alloparents available to contribute to the survival of one reproductive female’s overly large neonates.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Exceptions to the single breeding female rule among communal breeding callitichines are seen at places with plentiful resources. Even in these cases, one breeding female is higher-ranking and her neonates are more likely to survive.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Catarrhine reproductive communication is visual. Males have features that communicate fully adult male social status and younger adult males may have delayed maturation of these features. For many, not all, females anogenital swellings indicate sexual receptivity (estrous reproductive state).

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Baboons have incredibly complex social systems. They range from large multimale-multifemale groups of most savanna baboons with the addition of unimale-multifemale groups of mountain living savanna chacma baboons to, finally, the incredible herds and troops of highland baboons who live in multimale-multifemale societies comprised of numerous small unimale-multifemale subgroups.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Baboons tend to be on the move, highly mobile, every day in a constant search for enough food to feed huge groups of large-bodied monkeys.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Most baboon males engage in a yawning behavior that displays large adult male canines but geladas (who have the most impressive male canines) engage in lip-flipping. Such displays advertise maleness to the entire group but young adult males have smaller canine sizes. This may reduce the risk of attracting unwanted attention from prime adult males.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Most baboon males engage in a yawning behavior that displays large adult male canines but geladas (who have the most impressive male canines) engage in lip-flipping. Such displays advertise maleness to the entire group but young adult males have smaller canine sizes. This may reduce the risk of attracting unwanted attention from prime adult males.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Savanna baboon female social rank is associated with distinct reproductive strategies for moms. Alpha females have better access to resources and, therefore, can afford to nurse their babies longer than lower-ranking females who must wean their offspring sooner.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Highland baboon social structure is comprised of numerous unimale-multifemale subunits withi a larger multimale-multifemale society which includes peripheralized bachelor males intent upon building their own subunits. As a result, male tensions are high. Young females are removed from their natal groups by adult males intent on building unimale-multifemale subunits. As a result, group females have weak social bonds.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Galagid moms reduce some of the energetic costs of raising newborns by “nesting” their newborns while they forage. After feeding, moms can follow their own scent trails back to their babies.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The highland baboon social system comes closest to the baboon social behaviors described by Zuckerman. This makes sense, he studied Hamadryas baboons in captivity and his short time in the field only allowed limited observation of savanna baboons. The highland baboon social system is the exception among baboon societies most of which are not based on male-male aggression alone.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Savanna baboon female preference for mating with friendly males (the “friends with benefits” strategy) means that savanna baboon society is not entirely dependent on the results of male aggression.

Answer 28

True