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Oral Biology - Quiz 1 > Quiz 1 - Moore - Pharyngeal Arches II > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Moore - Pharyngeal Arches II Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharyngeal pouch linings are _______ in origin.

A

Endodermal

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2
Q

What does the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland and the thymus

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3
Q

The 4th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

Superior parathyroid gland and the ultimobranchial body

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4
Q

Primordia don’t originate at _________ functional sites, they need to _________.

A

Mature

Migrate

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5
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Failure of 3rd and 4th pouches to differentiate into thymus, parathyroid

Neural crest defects

Sporadic, may be due to teratogens

Variable in severity and outcome

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6
Q

What are the deficits of DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Catch 22

Cardiac abnormality
-Especially Tetralogy of Fallot
Abnormal face
Thymus aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia/Hypoparathyroidism
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7
Q

These give rise to what?

First pharyngeal pouch?
Second pharyngeal pouch?
Third pharyngeal pouch?
Fourth pharyngeal pouch?

A

1st — Tubotympanic recess - tympanic membrane
—Connects with pharynx - auditory tube

2nd — Palatine tonsil lining; tonsillar fossa

3rd — Inferior parathyroid gland
—Thymus

4th — Superior parathyroid gland
— Ultimobranchial body

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8
Q

Neural crest cells, with different A-P identities as determined by Hox expression, migrate from what into what?

A

Rhombomeres into pharyngeal arches

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9
Q

What are the pharyngeal pouches?

A

Form as pits internally in the pharynx, b/t the arches

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9
Q

T/F - All derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches are bilateral, even the thymus that retains bilateral characteristics.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Be able to label diagram in photos of pharyngeal pouches.

A

Look at photos

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10
Q

The first pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

Middle ear

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11
Q

The distal first pharyngeal pouch turns into what?

A

Together with lining of 1st cleft, forms the tympanic membrane and tympanic cavity (mid ear)

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12
Q

The proximal of the first pharyngeal pouch turns into what?

A

Auditory tube

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13
Q

The ossicles are derived from what?

A

Neural crest (1st and 2nd arch cartilage)

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14
Q

The tympanic membranes develop from what?

A

1st cleft and 1st pouch membranes, later neural crest

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15
Q

The tympanic cavity and IAM come from what?

A

1st pouch

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16
Q

The 2nd pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

Lining of the crypts in the palatine tonsils - which is epithelium and continuous with lining of mouth

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17
Q

The palatine tonsils are composed mostly of what germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

The dorsal wing of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

INFERIOR parathyroid glands - regs body Ca2+ and PO4+ levels

*Inferior b/c it travels with the thymus before moving over to the thyroid

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19
Q

The ventral wing of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

Thymus - T-cell production

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20
Q

The dorsal wing of the 4th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

SUPERIOR parathyroid glands - regs body Ca2+ and PO4+ levees

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21
Q

The ventral wing of the 4th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

Ultimobranchial body - embryonic structure will contain parafollicular cells/C-cells of thyroid - reg Ca2+ levels via calcitonin

*ventral 4th pouch sometimes considered a 5th pouch the merges

**PTH increases Ca2+ levels, calcitonin reduces Ca2+ levels

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22
Q

Name two abnormalities resulting from defects in migration.

A

Cervical thymus or persistent cord
-Cord of thymus persists in neck on path of descent (rare)

Accessory thymus
-Piece of thymus remaining in path of descent

23
Q

What are 4 typically benign anatomical abnormalities?

A

Undescended parathyroid gland

Accessory thymus tissue

Persistent cord of thymine tissue

Ectopic Inferior parathyroid gland

24
Q

What is the Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Ventricular septal defect (opening - mixing of blood), overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy

25
Q

Tell me where the pharyngeal membranes form.

A

Where the epithelia of the grooves and pouches approach each other

26
Q

Tell me about the oropharyngeal membrane.

A
  • Strictly, not a membrane
  • Breaks down in 4th week to connect the mouth (stomodeum) w/ gut/pharynx
  • MARKS THE SITE WHERE ECTODERM AND ENDODERM MEET
  • Glossopalatine arch marks location, separates oral cavity from pharynx
27
Q

Tell me about the tympanic membrane.

A

Derived from layers b/t 1st cleft and 1st pouch

-1st ectoderm and endoderm only, then neural crest moves in

28
Q

T/F - Remaining regions of membrane b/t arches do not remain as membranes and are obliterated during development.

A

TRUE

29
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

Regulate A-P (anterior-posterior) identity

  • Involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development
  • Homeobox is a 180 bp DNA sequence
  • Typically switches on cascade of other genes
30
Q

What happens if we delete a Hox gene?

A

Without that input, everything becomes pouch 1

31
Q

The tongue has two germ layers. Name them and what turns into what.

A

Skeletal m - Mesoderm

Rest of tongue - Endoderm

32
Q

Development of the tongue -

Arch 1

Arch 2

Arch 3

Arch 4

A

Arch 1 - Forms anterior 2/3 of tongue epithelium

Arch 2 - OBLITERATED - covered up as arch 3 grows

Arch 3 - Forms most of the remaining 1/3 of tongue epithelium

Arch 4 - Just a bit of tongue at the very back of the throat

33
Q

Arch 1 forms what?

4 weeks?

5 weeks?

A

4 weeks - Median swelling - Median tongue bud

5 weeks - Lateral swelling - Distal tongue buds

THESE BECOME THE ANTERIOR 2/3 OF TONGUE

34
Q

What does Arch 2 form?

4 weeks?

5-6 weeks?

A

4 weeks - Arch 2 forms midline swelling - called copula

5-6 weeks - Arch 2 overgrown by hypopharyngeal eminence by arches 3,4 - Arches 3,4 turn into posterior 1/3 of tongue

35
Q

Epiglottis arises from what arch?

A

Arch 4

36
Q

What gives rise to the tongue muscles?

A

Occipital somites

*NOT pharyngeal in origin - Except palatoglossus muscle

37
Q

What is the innervation to the tongue?

A

V - Sensory, ant 2/3

VII - Taste, ant 2/3

IX - Sensory and taste, post 1/3

X - Sensory, just a bit by throat

*Main tongue muscle - XII

38
Q

Hox code is organized how?

A

Anterior-Posterior

39
Q

Dlx code is organized how?

A

Proximal-Distal

40
Q

What is the terminal sulcus (groove)?

A

Dividing line b/t oral tongue and pharyngeal tongue
—Dividing line b/t ant 2/3 and post 1/3

  • B/t CN V and CN IX innervation - except circumvallate papillae - innervated by CN IX, but anterior to the sulcus
  • Points to the site of the foramen cecum
41
Q

Where and what is the foramen cecum?

A

At midline

Site of thyroid primordium

42
Q

The lateral swellings of _______ arch fuse and grow out.

A

First

43
Q

The copula is formed from what?

A

2nd arch

*WHICH IS COVERED AS 3RD ARCH GROWS

44
Q

_______ arch forms base of tongue.

A

Fourth

45
Q

What does the thyroid gland form from?

A

Endodermal diverticulum (pouch), just posterior to the floor of the 1st arch - THIS IS NOT A PHARYNGEAL ARCH

46
Q

T/F - The thyroid is not bilateral.

A

TRUE

47
Q

What is the site called where duct connects with tongue?

A

Foramen cecum

48
Q

The diverticulum elongates into the ______________ duct.

A

Thyroglossal

49
Q

The _______ gland migrates down to sit on the anterior of the _________. The _________ regulates ________, sensitivity to hormones, wide range of body functions.

A

Thyroid

Trachea

Thyroid

Metabolism

50
Q

Thyroid anomalies will happen on the _________, while pharyngeal arch anomalies will happen more __________.

A

Midline

Lateral

51
Q

T/F - Duct = open, cyst = closed.

A

TRUE

52
Q

T/F - Heterotopic thyroid can develop thyroid cancer.

A

TRUE

53
Q

How do you know whether a sinus/cyst is thyroglossal or cervical?

A

Thyroglossal - Medial

Cervical - Lateral

54
Q

How is the pituitary gland formed?

A

Upward invagination of the oral ectoderm in the stomodeum - Rathke’s pouch (NOT A PHARYNGEAL POUCH)

55
Q

The neurohypophysis develops from what?

A

From the developing brain - NEURAL ECTODERM

56
Q

The adenohypophysis (A for Ant) develops from what?

A

Stomodeum roof - ORAL ECTODERM

57
Q

Look at last slide in Arches II lecture for practice problems (WHAT THE EXAM QUESTIONS WILL BE LIKE)

A

DO IT NOW

Oral Biology - Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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