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Oral Biology - Quiz 1 > Quiz 1 - Colombo - General Embryology > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Colombo - General Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of prenatal development

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2
Q

Prenatal development begins with the ______ of pregnancy and continues until ________.

A

Start

Birth

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3
Q

What two periods make up the first 8 weeks of fertilization?

What period constitutes the rest of pregnancy?

A

Preimplantation and embryonic (a lot of differentiation happens)

Fetal period

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4
Q

What is a primordium?

A

Earliest indication of a tissue or an organ during prenatal development

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5
Q

After fertilization, what is the ball of cells called?

A

Zygote

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6
Q

What’s after zygote?

A

Blastocyst

*This implants in the uterine wall.

**Fluid-filled - develops into the 3 primary germ layers, endo, meso, ectoderm

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7
Q

What comes after blastocyst?

A

Embryo

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8
Q

What comes after embryo?

A

Fetus

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9
Q

Growth factors can act thru what 3 major actions?

A

Autocrine

Paracrine

Endocrine

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10
Q

_______ factors, and cell _________ molecules act thru signaling complexes with activate various ___________ factors, affecting cellular changes.

A

Growth

Adhesion

Transcription

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11
Q

What is one growth factor that Colombo pointed out?

A

BMP - Bone Morphogenic Protein

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12
Q

What is BMP critical for?

A

Critical growth factor in craniofacial development, among others

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13
Q

What does BMP do at gastrulation?

A

Switches b/t epidermal vs neural fate

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14
Q

Tell me other things BMP does.

A

Induction, formation, determination, and migration of neural crest cells

Patterning and formation of facial primordia

Craniofacial skeletogenesis

Negative regulator of myogenesis (Makes bone instead of muscle)

*REGULATOR OF EARLY TOOTH MORPHOGENESIS AND DIFFERENTIATION

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15
Q

What do homeobox genes code for?

A

Transcription factors that begin to make cells pattern into one tissue/organ type or another

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16
Q

What else are homeobox genes involved in? 4 things

A

Bodily segmentation during embryonic development

Key regulators of embryogenesis: which end will be which

Homeobox is a 180 bp DNA sequence

Switches on cascades of other genes

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17
Q

What are 4 other genes the control embryonic formation?

A

HOX - Pattern the body axis and determine where limbs and other body segments will grow in fetus

Msx - Control cellular process of differentiation and proliferation during development

Dix - Development of ectodermal tissue from lateral border of the neural plate

Shh (Sonic hedgehog) - Early induction of facial primordium

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18
Q

Neurectoderm progenitors express what?

Skin ectoderm progenitors express what?

A

N-CAM (N for nuer..)

L-CAM

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19
Q

_____-_____ contact is hugely important for positioning and differentiation.

A

Cell-cell

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20
Q

What cell adhesion molecules are calcium-dependent?

A

Cadherins

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21
Q

What cell adhesion molecules are calcium-independent?

A

CAM

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22
Q

Morula is how many cells?

A

16

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23
Q

Dental lamina differentiates in what range?

A

24 - 40 days

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24
Q

What is the first period in embryological development?

A

Germinal or preimplantation phase - first ~10 days after conception

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25
Fertilized egg has how many chromosomes?
46
26
What is hatching?
Getting rid of Zona pellucida
27
The zygote undergoing mitosis is called what?
Cleavage *Initial cleavage is called morula, and then blastocyst **This lasts until 3 germ layers have formed
28
The trophoblast is what?
Fluid-filled cavity in the blastocyst
29
What is the inner cell mass?
Clump of cells on one side of blastocyst
30
Where does the blastocyst implant on the uterus?
Innermost lining on the back wall (Endometrium) - After the first 7-10 days, the blastocyst stops traveling
31
What becomes the gut and GI?
Primary yolk sac
32
What is the inner cell mass called?
Embryoblast *THIS FORMS THE EMBRYO PROPER*
33
When is the embryonic period?
Week 2 thru the end of week 8
34
Spatial and temporal events called __________ occur during the embryonic period
Patterning
35
What does patterning include?
Formation of: Pharyngeal arches Somite development Face development Palate Tongue
36
What other 4 important things occur during patterning?
Axial specification Segmentation (What forms in b/t each end) Tissue and organ specialization and formation begin *Development of dentition begins
37
What is induction?
When one group of cells tells another group of cells what to do (called competent)
38
What is proliferation?
Cell division, increase in number and accumulation of cell products
39
What is differentiation?
Development of specific structures and/or functions by individual cells/groups of cells
40
What is morphogenesis?
Cell MIGRATION, interactions and proliferation’s causing development of specific structures
41
What is maturation?
Attainment of adult size and function from proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis
42
What is gastrulation and when does it occur and why is it important?
Formation of 3 germ layers Week 3-ish Different tissues and organs arise from
43
What is the origin, morphology, and future systemic tissues of the ECTODERM?
Epiblast layer Columnar Epidermis, sensory epithelium of the eyes, ears, nose, nervous system, neural crest cells, mammary and cutaneous glands
44
What is the origin, morphology, and future systemic tissues of the MESODERM?
Migrating cells from the epiblast layer Variable Dermis, muscle, bone, lymph, blood cells, marrow, cartilage, repro and excretory organs
45
What is the origin, morphology, and future systemic tissues of the ENDODERM?
Hypoblast layer Cuboidal Respiratory and digestive linings, liver and pancreatic cells
46
After the blastocyst implants, the embryoblast differentiates into 2 layers. Name them.
Dorsal cells - EPIBLAST layer - forms amniotic cavity - Ecto, meso, and endo from this layer Ventral cells - HYPOBLAST layer - form the roof of the secondary yolk sac - this layer modifies the endoderm *This forms the bilaminar disk, and the establishment of the embryo axis, so a head and a tail end now
47
The epiblast has what types of cells (histo)?
Superior, high columnar cells
48
The hypoblast has what types of cells (histo)? And the hypoblast is ________ to the epiblast.
Small cuboidal Inferior
49
After the formation of the bilaminar disk, __________ _________ forms and starts gastrulation.
Primitive streak
50
What is the primitive streak?
Little groove formed by epiblast cells - This defines the future bilateral symmetry along a rostral-caudal axis
51
The ________ _______ forms at the rostral end of the primitive streak, where the ectoderm curves around and integrates with the __________.
Prochordal plate Endoderm
52
Ectodermal cells invaginate at the ________ ________ forming the ________ _________. This happens at _________.
Primitive node Primitive pit GASTRULATION
53
The ______ forms during gastrulation.
Notochord
54
The ________ cells divide, migrate, and invaginate spreading laterally b/t the two layers to form the ___________.
Ectodermal (epiblast) Mesoderm
55
The meso last cells actually form the _______ _________ endoderm and mesoderm.
True embryonic
56
Hypoblast cells are pushed out of the way as invaginating cells from the _________ form the true endoderm.
Epiblast
57
Thus everywhere except at the _______ _______ and the _______ ________ the notochord and mesoderm totally separate the ectoderm and endoderm.
Prochordal plate Cecal plate
58
T/F - Medial epiblast cells lose their cell-cell adhesions in the formation of the mesoderm.
TRUE *They become motile and invade inwards **These mesenchymal cells are interspersed in matrix and are devoid of polarity
59
In formation of the mesoderm, a change in cell attachment proteins occurs. What is the change?
E to N cadherin *Important in tooth development when epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells have to talk to one another to make enamel and dentin/pulp.
60
In summary, epithelial cells go to mesenchymal cells, and what are the major changes?
Polarity to no polarity Cell adhesion to no cell adhesion Stationary to ability to migrate and invade High level of E-cadherin to low level of E-cadherin Low level of N-cadherin to high level of N-cadherin
61
With three layers formed, we now have a ___________ embryo.
Triploblastic
62
Describe the triploblastic embryo.
Disc with 3 layers, cephalic end defined by the prochordal plate, and folding can occur, especially at the rostral end
63
The head fold forms the what?
Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane at the prochordal plate end (no mesoderm b/t ectoderm *This is where the stomodeum (primitive mouth) will be
64
Ectodermal cells give use to what?
Nervous system Epidermis and appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous, and sweat gland) Epithelium lining the oral cavity, nasal cavities, and sinuses Part of the intraoral glands Tooth enamel
65
Endodermal cells give rise to what?
Epithelial lining of respiratory and GI tract and associated organs
66
Mesodermal (mesenchymal) cells give rise to what structures?
Muscles and all the structures derived from the CT (Bone, cartilage, blood, and sort of dentin, pulp, cementum, and PDLs)
67
After gastrulation (week 3), what 3 key events take place?
Differentiation of the nervous system Formation/migration of the neural crest Embryo folding: head, lateral, and tail folds
68
What forms the neuroectoderm?
Specialized group of cells that differentiates from the ectoderm
69
Where does the neuroectoderm form?
Localized to the neural plate of the embryo, a band of cells extends the length of the embryo
70
The neuroectoderm plate grows and thickens, which causes it to deepen and invaginate inward, forming the _______ _______.
Neural groove
71
The neural tube becomes what?
CNS - brain and spinal cord
72
Neural tube closure - the neural fold fusion begins where and proceeds both rostrally and caudally?
UPPER CERVICAL LEVELS
73
If the neural tube does not close properly, what occurs?
Spina bifida
74
What is the fate of the mesoderm?
It segments bilaterally into three keys mesoderm parts.
75
Name and name the fates of the 3 main mesoderm parts.
Paraxial - Cartilage, segmented muscle Intermediate - Kidneys, gonads Lateral plate - Heart, gut
76
Differentiated mesoderm gives rise to the _______ that are located on the sides of the developing CNS.
Somites
77
The neural tube expands to form what 3 things?
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
78
The hindbrain segments further into what?
Rhombomeres- these express HOX genes *Branchial arches develop
79
T/F - The neural crest cells are the embryological layer 3.5.
TRUE
80
The neural crest develops from what during the 3rd week?
Neuroectoderm
81
What does the neural crest do?
Breaks up and migrates away from the crests of the neural folds and disperses in mesenchyme
82
Neural crest cells can also be called what?
Ectomesenchyme
83
Why are the neural crest cells so important for us?
This is where dental pulp and dentin come from
84
Failure of the neural crest cell migration can lead to what?
Abnormal craniofacial development EX - Treacher Collins Syndrome - mandibulofacial dysostosis
85
The ________ fold is critical to formation of the oral cavity.
Head
86
What else occurs with the continuation of embryo folding, along with the head fold?
Future GI tract begins to form *Folding ultimately determines the final disposition of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
87
What remains separate, but ultimately breaks down to form the mouth?
Stomodeum
88
The _______ gives rise to the primitive pharynx.
Foregut *This becomes the oropharynx
89
*Neural crest forms what?
Cranial nerves Adrenal medulla Ectomesenchyme bones and skull Dentin PDL Alveolar bone
90
*Neuroectoderm forms what?
Post pit Pineal body Retina CNS
91
*Intermediate plate forms what?
Urogenital system
92
*Lateral plate forms what?
CT (mesenchyme) Visceral mm Serous mem of pleura Pericardium and peritoneum Blood and lymph Spleen Adrenal cortex
93
*Paraxial forms what?
Trunk mm Skeleton (except skull) Dermis CT (mesenchyme)
94
*Surface ectoderm forms what?
Epidermis Hair Nails Cutaneous glands Mammary glands Ant pit ENAMEL Lens Inner ear
95
*Endoderm forms what?
Epi of trachea Bronchi and lungs Epi of GI tract Liver and pancreas Bladder Epi of pharynx Thyroid and parathyroid Auditory tube Tonsils
96
The fetal period is from week _______ thru ________.
9 Birth
97
What happens during the fetal period?
Basic tissues and structures are mainly formed, so now its growth and specialization *Embryo becomes a fetus **Proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis - actual organs - are made
98
Mesenchymal can give rise to what?
CT
99
Ectomesenchymal is derived from ________, but makes _______.
Ectoderm CT

Oral Biology - Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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