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Oral Biology - Quiz 1 > Quiz 1 - Colombo - General Embryology > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Colombo - General Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of prenatal development

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2
Q

Prenatal development begins with the ______ of pregnancy and continues until ________.

A

Start

Birth

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3
Q

What two periods make up the first 8 weeks of fertilization?

What period constitutes the rest of pregnancy?

A

Preimplantation and embryonic (a lot of differentiation happens)

Fetal period

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4
Q

What is a primordium?

A

Earliest indication of a tissue or an organ during prenatal development

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5
Q

After fertilization, what is the ball of cells called?

A

Zygote

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6
Q

What’s after zygote?

A

Blastocyst

*This implants in the uterine wall.

**Fluid-filled - develops into the 3 primary germ layers, endo, meso, ectoderm

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7
Q

What comes after blastocyst?

A

Embryo

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8
Q

What comes after embryo?

A

Fetus

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9
Q

Growth factors can act thru what 3 major actions?

A

Autocrine

Paracrine

Endocrine

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10
Q

_______ factors, and cell _________ molecules act thru signaling complexes with activate various ___________ factors, affecting cellular changes.

A

Growth

Adhesion

Transcription

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11
Q

What is one growth factor that Colombo pointed out?

A

BMP - Bone Morphogenic Protein

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12
Q

What is BMP critical for?

A

Critical growth factor in craniofacial development, among others

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13
Q

What does BMP do at gastrulation?

A

Switches b/t epidermal vs neural fate

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14
Q

Tell me other things BMP does.

A

Induction, formation, determination, and migration of neural crest cells

Patterning and formation of facial primordia

Craniofacial skeletogenesis

Negative regulator of myogenesis (Makes bone instead of muscle)

*REGULATOR OF EARLY TOOTH MORPHOGENESIS AND DIFFERENTIATION

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15
Q

What do homeobox genes code for?

A

Transcription factors that begin to make cells pattern into one tissue/organ type or another

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16
Q

What else are homeobox genes involved in? 4 things

A

Bodily segmentation during embryonic development

Key regulators of embryogenesis: which end will be which

Homeobox is a 180 bp DNA sequence

Switches on cascades of other genes

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17
Q

What are 4 other genes the control embryonic formation?

A

HOX - Pattern the body axis and determine where limbs and other body segments will grow in fetus

Msx - Control cellular process of differentiation and proliferation during development

Dix - Development of ectodermal tissue from lateral border of the neural plate

Shh (Sonic hedgehog) - Early induction of facial primordium

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18
Q

Neurectoderm progenitors express what?

Skin ectoderm progenitors express what?

A

N-CAM (N for nuer..)

L-CAM

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19
Q

_____-_____ contact is hugely important for positioning and differentiation.

A

Cell-cell

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20
Q

What cell adhesion molecules are calcium-dependent?

A

Cadherins

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21
Q

What cell adhesion molecules are calcium-independent?

A

CAM

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22
Q

Morula is how many cells?

A

16

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23
Q

Dental lamina differentiates in what range?

A

24 - 40 days

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24
Q

What is the first period in embryological development?

A

Germinal or preimplantation phase - first ~10 days after conception

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25
Q

Fertilized egg has how many chromosomes?

A

46

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26
Q

What is hatching?

A

Getting rid of Zona pellucida

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27
Q

The zygote undergoing mitosis is called what?

A

Cleavage

*Initial cleavage is called morula, and then blastocyst

**This lasts until 3 germ layers have formed

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28
Q

The trophoblast is what?

A

Fluid-filled cavity in the blastocyst

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29
Q

What is the inner cell mass?

A

Clump of cells on one side of blastocyst

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30
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant on the uterus?

A

Innermost lining on the back wall (Endometrium) - After the first 7-10 days, the blastocyst stops traveling

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31
Q

What becomes the gut and GI?

A

Primary yolk sac

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32
Q

What is the inner cell mass called?

A

Embryoblast

THIS FORMS THE EMBRYO PROPER

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33
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

Week 2 thru the end of week 8

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34
Q

Spatial and temporal events called __________ occur during the embryonic period

A

Patterning

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35
Q

What does patterning include?

A

Formation of:

Pharyngeal arches

Somite development

Face development

Palate

Tongue

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36
Q

What other 4 important things occur during patterning?

A

Axial specification

Segmentation (What forms in b/t each end)

Tissue and organ specialization and formation begin

*Development of dentition begins

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37
Q

What is induction?

A

When one group of cells tells another group of cells what to do (called competent)

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38
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Cell division, increase in number and accumulation of cell products

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39
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Development of specific structures and/or functions by individual cells/groups of cells

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40
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Cell MIGRATION, interactions and proliferation’s causing development of specific structures

41
Q

What is maturation?

A

Attainment of adult size and function from proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis

42
Q

What is gastrulation and when does it occur and why is it important?

A

Formation of 3 germ layers

Week 3-ish

Different tissues and organs arise from

43
Q

What is the origin, morphology, and future systemic tissues of the ECTODERM?

A

Epiblast layer

Columnar

Epidermis, sensory epithelium of the eyes, ears, nose, nervous system, neural crest cells, mammary and cutaneous glands

44
Q

What is the origin, morphology, and future systemic tissues of the MESODERM?

A

Migrating cells from the epiblast layer

Variable

Dermis, muscle, bone, lymph, blood cells, marrow, cartilage, repro and excretory organs

45
Q

What is the origin, morphology, and future systemic tissues of the ENDODERM?

A

Hypoblast layer

Cuboidal

Respiratory and digestive linings, liver and pancreatic cells

46
Q

After the blastocyst implants, the embryoblast differentiates into 2 layers. Name them.

A

Dorsal cells - EPIBLAST layer - forms amniotic cavity - Ecto, meso, and endo from this layer

Ventral cells - HYPOBLAST layer - form the roof of the secondary yolk sac - this layer modifies the endoderm

*This forms the bilaminar disk, and the establishment of the embryo axis, so a head and a tail end now

47
Q

The epiblast has what types of cells (histo)?

A

Superior, high columnar cells

48
Q

The hypoblast has what types of cells (histo)? And the hypoblast is ________ to the epiblast.

A

Small cuboidal

Inferior

49
Q

After the formation of the bilaminar disk, __________ _________ forms and starts gastrulation.

A

Primitive streak

50
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Little groove formed by epiblast cells - This defines the future bilateral symmetry along a rostral-caudal axis

51
Q

The ________ _______ forms at the rostral end of the primitive streak, where the ectoderm curves around and integrates with the __________.

A

Prochordal plate

Endoderm

52
Q

Ectodermal cells invaginate at the ________ ________ forming the ________ _________. This happens at _________.

A

Primitive node

Primitive pit

GASTRULATION

53
Q

The ______ forms during gastrulation.

A

Notochord

54
Q

The ________ cells divide, migrate, and invaginate spreading laterally b/t the two layers to form the ___________.

A

Ectodermal (epiblast)

Mesoderm

55
Q

The meso last cells actually form the _______ _________ endoderm and mesoderm.

A

True embryonic

56
Q

Hypoblast cells are pushed out of the way as invaginating cells from the _________ form the true endoderm.

A

Epiblast

57
Q

Thus everywhere except at the _______ _______ and the _______ ________ the notochord and mesoderm totally separate the ectoderm and endoderm.

A

Prochordal plate

Cecal plate

58
Q

T/F - Medial epiblast cells lose their cell-cell adhesions in the formation of the mesoderm.

A

TRUE

*They become motile and invade inwards

**These mesenchymal cells are interspersed in matrix and are devoid of polarity

59
Q

In formation of the mesoderm, a change in cell attachment proteins occurs. What is the change?

A

E to N cadherin

*Important in tooth development when epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells have to talk to one another to make enamel and dentin/pulp.

60
Q

In summary, epithelial cells go to mesenchymal cells, and what are the major changes?

A

Polarity to no polarity

Cell adhesion to no cell adhesion

Stationary to ability to migrate and invade

High level of E-cadherin to low level of E-cadherin

Low level of N-cadherin to high level of N-cadherin

61
Q

With three layers formed, we now have a ___________ embryo.

A

Triploblastic

62
Q

Describe the triploblastic embryo.

A

Disc with 3 layers, cephalic end defined by the prochordal plate, and folding can occur, especially at the rostral end

63
Q

The head fold forms the what?

A

Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane at the prochordal plate end (no mesoderm b/t ectoderm

*This is where the stomodeum (primitive mouth) will be

64
Q

Ectodermal cells give use to what?

A

Nervous system

Epidermis and appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous, and sweat gland)

Epithelium lining the oral cavity, nasal cavities, and sinuses

Part of the intraoral glands

Tooth enamel

65
Q

Endodermal cells give rise to what?

A

Epithelial lining of respiratory and GI tract and associated organs

66
Q

Mesodermal (mesenchymal) cells give rise to what structures?

A

Muscles and all the structures derived from the CT (Bone, cartilage, blood, and sort of dentin, pulp, cementum, and PDLs)

67
Q

After gastrulation (week 3), what 3 key events take place?

A

Differentiation of the nervous system

Formation/migration of the neural crest

Embryo folding: head, lateral, and tail folds

68
Q

What forms the neuroectoderm?

A

Specialized group of cells that differentiates from the ectoderm

69
Q

Where does the neuroectoderm form?

A

Localized to the neural plate of the embryo, a band of cells extends the length of the embryo

70
Q

The neuroectoderm plate grows and thickens, which causes it to deepen and invaginate inward, forming the _______ _______.

A

Neural groove

71
Q

The neural tube becomes what?

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

72
Q

Neural tube closure - the neural fold fusion begins where and proceeds both rostrally and caudally?

A

UPPER CERVICAL LEVELS

73
Q

If the neural tube does not close properly, what occurs?

A

Spina bifida

74
Q

What is the fate of the mesoderm?

A

It segments bilaterally into three keys mesoderm parts.

75
Q

Name and name the fates of the 3 main mesoderm parts.

A

Paraxial - Cartilage, segmented muscle

Intermediate - Kidneys, gonads

Lateral plate - Heart, gut

76
Q

Differentiated mesoderm gives rise to the _______ that are located on the sides of the developing CNS.

A

Somites

77
Q

The neural tube expands to form what 3 things?

A

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

78
Q

The hindbrain segments further into what?

A

Rhombomeres- these express HOX genes

*Branchial arches develop

79
Q

T/F - The neural crest cells are the embryological layer 3.5.

A

TRUE

80
Q

The neural crest develops from what during the 3rd week?

A

Neuroectoderm

81
Q

What does the neural crest do?

A

Breaks up and migrates away from the crests of the neural folds and disperses in mesenchyme

82
Q

Neural crest cells can also be called what?

A

Ectomesenchyme

83
Q

Why are the neural crest cells so important for us?

A

This is where dental pulp and dentin come from

84
Q

Failure of the neural crest cell migration can lead to what?

A

Abnormal craniofacial development

EX - Treacher Collins Syndrome - mandibulofacial dysostosis

85
Q

The ________ fold is critical to formation of the oral cavity.

A

Head

86
Q

What else occurs with the continuation of embryo folding, along with the head fold?

A

Future GI tract begins to form

*Folding ultimately determines the final disposition of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

87
Q

What remains separate, but ultimately breaks down to form the mouth?

A

Stomodeum

88
Q

The _______ gives rise to the primitive pharynx.

A

Foregut

*This becomes the oropharynx

89
Q

*Neural crest forms what?

A

Cranial nerves

Adrenal medulla

Ectomesenchyme bones and skull

Dentin

PDL

Alveolar bone

90
Q

*Neuroectoderm forms what?

A

Post pit

Pineal body

Retina

CNS

91
Q

*Intermediate plate forms what?

A

Urogenital system

92
Q

*Lateral plate forms what?

A

CT (mesenchyme)

Visceral mm

Serous mem of pleura

Pericardium and peritoneum

Blood and lymph

Spleen

Adrenal cortex

93
Q

*Paraxial forms what?

A

Trunk mm

Skeleton (except skull)

Dermis

CT (mesenchyme)

94
Q

*Surface ectoderm forms what?

A

Epidermis

Hair

Nails

Cutaneous glands

Mammary glands

Ant pit

ENAMEL

Lens

Inner ear

95
Q

*Endoderm forms what?

A

Epi of trachea

Bronchi and lungs

Epi of GI tract

Liver and pancreas

Bladder

Epi of pharynx

Thyroid and parathyroid

Auditory tube

Tonsils

96
Q

The fetal period is from week _______ thru ________.

A

9

Birth

97
Q

What happens during the fetal period?

A

Basic tissues and structures are mainly formed, so now its growth and specialization

*Embryo becomes a fetus

**Proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis - actual organs - are made

98
Q

Mesenchymal can give rise to what?

A

CT

99
Q

Ectomesenchymal is derived from ________, but makes _______.

A

Ectoderm

CT

Oral Biology - Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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