Abnormal connection b/t 2 structures - B/t 2 epithelialization surfaces - Usually b/t 2 hollow structures - Blind: Open on one end only - Complete: Openings inside and outside body - Incomplete: Tube from skin closed on inside, no internal connection

Quiz 1 - Moore - Pharyngeal Arches Flashcards by Brennan Stringam

What does branchial mean?

Gills

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What would have a greater impact on the organism, a disruption during the formation of the pharyngeal system or a disruption during development of pharyngeal derivatives?

Pharyngeal system

*This is earlier on in the cycle, and can impact more things down the road

DISRUPTIONS TO EITHER PHASE CAN RESULT IN A BROAD SPECTRUM OF DEFECTS

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Name 3 syndromes associated with problems in the 1st arch.

Treacher-Collins

Pierre Robin

DiGeorge Syndrome

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What is a cyst?

Sealed cavity filled with air, pus, fluid

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What is a sinus?

Cavity w/in a tissue, can open externally

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What is a fistula?

Abnormal connection b/t 2 structures

B/t 2 epithelialization surfaces
Usually b/t 2 hollow structures
Blind: Open on one end only
Complete: Openings inside and outside body
Incomplete: Tube from skin closed on inside, no internal connection

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Define migration.

Cells move, or not, during development

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Define proliferation.

Growth in cell number thru cell division

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Define genetics.

Mutations change patterns in migration, proliferation, etc.

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Where do pharyngeal arches emerge at?

Neural tube closure

*Ectodermal pouches filled with mesenchyme

**1st arch is of primary relevance to the face

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Which arch shows 2 prominences clearly, and what are the prominences?

1st arch

*Maxillary and mandibular prominences

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Ecto

Meso

Endo

Neural crest

Outside

Middle

Inside

Middle (Either from Ecto or meso)

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What are the 4 components of pharyngeal arches?

Aortic arch - artery that arises from the truncus arteriosus of the primordial heart, bridge b/t the truncus arteriosus and dorsal aorta, ARISES FROM MESODERM

Cartilaginous rod - Forms the skeleton of the arch

Muscular component - Differentiates into mm in the head and neck

Nerve - Supplies mucosa and mm derived from the arch

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Aortic arches 1 and 2 do what?

Largely disappear, but the remains are maxillary, ext carotid, stapedial

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Aortic arches 3,4, and 6 do what?

Remodeled to form portions of some large arteries - common and int carotid (3), aortic, subclavian (4), pulmonary (6)

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What arch mesoderm gives rise to facial bones?

Arch 1

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What are some structures formed by the cartilaginous components of the arches?

Malleus, incus, stapes, styloid process, hyoid, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

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Endochondral ossification comes from where?

Direct from cartilage

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Intramembranous ossification comes from where?

Direct from mesoderm

*Arch 1 gives rise to facial bones (temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible)

Muscles come from where?

Mesoderm of the individual arches

Muscles:

Arch 1?
Arch 2?
Arch 3?
Arch 4?
Arches 5-6?

MFSPL - My Fleury Sexy PLace

1 -  Mastication
2 - Facial
3 - Stylopharyngeus
4 - Pharyngeal constrictors
5-6 - 5 disappears, 6 - Laryngeal mm

Cranial nerves contain ______ nerves (________ ________ and __________ placode derived) and _________ nerves (CNS derived)

Sensory
Neural crest
Ectodermal
Motor

Arch 1 is associated with what CN?

*Maxillary prominence associates with V2

**Mandibular prominence associates with V3

What muscles are associated with arch 1?

Mastication (Temporalis, masseter, med and lat pterygoids)

Mylohyoid

Ant digastric

Tensor palatine

Tensor tympani

What parts of the skeleton are associated with arch 1?

Meckel’s cartilage Maxilla Mandible Malleus Incus Zygomatic bone and process Temporal bone Vomer Palatine bone

Arch 2 is associated with what CN?

Facial

Arch 2 is associated with what muscles?

Facial expression Post digastric Stylohyoid Stapedius Platysma

Arch 2 is associated with what parts of the skeleton?

Stapes Styloid process Stylohyoid ligament Lesser horn and upper portion of body of hyoid

Arch 3 is associated with what CN?

Glossopharyngeal

Arch 3 is associated with what muscle?

Stylopharyngeus

Arch 3 is associated with what parts of the skeleton?

Greater horn and lower portion of body of hyoid

Arch 4 is associated with what CN and what specific nerve?

Vagus | -Superior laryngeal

Arch 4 is associated with what muscles?

Cricothyroid Pharyngeal constrictors Levator veli palatini

Arch 4 is associated with what part of the skeleton?

Laryngeal cartilages

Arch 6 is associated with what CN, and what specific nerve?

Vagus | -Recurrent laryngeal

Arch 6 is associated with what muscles?

Intrinsic muscles of larynx, EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID

The mandibular process of Arch 1 forms what?

Lower lip, face, and cheek regions, chin, mandible, body of tongue

The maxillary process of Arch 1 forms what?

Midface, upper cheek regions, upper lip sides, secondary palate, maxilla, zygomatic bone

Failure of the neural crest to properly migrate into 1st arch results in what syndrome?

First Arch Syndrome - Treacher-Collins syndrome - hypoplasia of arch derived facial bones - Pierre Robin Syndrome - hypoplasia of the mandible

How many pharyngeal grooves/clefts are there?

Which cleft is the only cleft normally NOT obliterated in development?

Cleft 1 *Clefts 2-4 can persist in ABNORMAL situations

Clefts are lined with what development layer?

ECTODERM!

What does cleft 1 give rise to?

External auditory meatus

What are congenital auricular sinuses and cysts?

Small pits (sinuses) and cysts commonly found in a triangle of skin anterior to the ear *May be a remnant of the pharyngeal groove/cleft [Which one?]{Cleft 1!} **Largely irrelevant. No significance unless it opens deep in the tissue

Lateral cervical pharyngeal cleft anomalies?

Uncommon, open EXTERNALLY - failure of 2nd groove or cervical sinus to obliterate *Ant border of SCM from tragus to clavicle

Internal branchial pharyngeal cleft anomaly?

Rare, persistent second pouch - opens into INTRA-TONSILLAR CLEFT (Pharynx)