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NEUR 2700 - Research Methods > Quiz 1- Lecture 1: Whole Brain Imaging > Flashcards

Quiz 1- Lecture 1: Whole Brain Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is Research?

A

A systematic and methodical investigation or inquiry into a specific subject, problem, or field of study with the aim of discovering, interpreting, or revising knowledge

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2
Q

What does research involve?

A

The collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer questions, test hypotheses, or solve problems

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3
Q

What are different forms of research?

A

Scientific experiments, surveys, literature reviews, and theoretical analyses

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4
Q

In essence, research is…

A

The process of exploring and expanding our understanding of the world by applying structured methodologies and critical thinking to generate new insights, validate existing knowledge,or address unsolved questions

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5
Q

What are the three types of neuroscience research?

A

Clinical (neurology, psychiatry, neurosurgery, and neuropathology), Experimental, and Theoretical

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6
Q

Experimental neuroscientists continue to lay…

A

The foundation for all medical treatments of the nervous system

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7
Q

The scientific process (4):

A

Observation, Replication, Interpretation, and Verification

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8
Q

Observations

A

typically made during experiments designed to test a particular hypothesis

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9
Q

Replication

A

(Any observation, whether experimental or clinical, must be replicated.)

Repeating the experiment on different subjects or making similar observations in different patients as many times as necessary to rule out the possibility that the observation occurred by chance

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10
Q

Interpretation

A

(Once the scientist believes the observation is correct, he or she interprets it.)

depend on the state if knowledge (or ignorance) at the time and on the scientist’s preconceived notions (or “mind set”).

Do not always withstand the test of time

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11
Q

Verification

A

Final step of scientific process

Distinct from the replication the original observer performed

Means that the observation is sufficiently robust that any competent scientist who precisely follows the protocols of the original observer can reproduce it

Successful verification generally means the observation is accepted as fact

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12
Q

Brain imaging refers to…

A

Various techniques used to create visual representations of the brain’s structure, function, and neural activity

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13
Q

Types of structural imaging:

A

MRI, CT (Computed Tomography)

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14
Q

Types of functional imaging:

A

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

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15
Q

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

A

Provides detailed images of the brain’s anatomy, helping to identify abnormalities or structural changes

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16
Q

CT (Computed Tomography):

A

Offers cross-sectional images, useful for detecting structural issues like tumors or bleeding

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17
Q

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

A

Measures blood flow changes in response to neural activity, allowing researchers to study brain function during different tasks or stimuli

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18
Q

PET (Positron Emission Tomography):

A

Shows metabolic activity by detecting radioactive tracers, providing information about brain function

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19
Q

Types of electrophysiological imaging:

A

EEG (Electroencephalography), MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

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20
Q

EEG (Electroencephalography):

A

Records electrical activity on the scalp, useful for studying brain waves and diagnosing conditions like epilepsy

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21
Q

MEG (Magnetoencephalography):

A

Measures magnetic fields generated by neural activity, offering insights into brain function with high temporal resolution

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22
Q

Molecular Imaging:

A

Techniques like PET with radiolabeled tracers can be used to visualize specific molecules or receptors in the brain, aiding in the study of molecular mechanisms in diseases like Alzheimer’s

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23
Q

In the late 19th century…

A

Early attempts at understanding brain function involved post-mortem examinations and anatomical studies

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24
Q

Whose work in neuroanatomy laid the foundation for understanding the structure of the nervous system?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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25
Q

What was formulated by who (2) that was a pivotal development in our understanding of neurons?

A

Neuron doctrine; Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Camillo Golgi

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26
Q

Ramon y Cajal’s meticulous work using ____ allowed him to visualize individual neurons under the microscope.

A

Golgi’s staining technique

27
Q

What did Cajal argue?

A

That neurons were discrete units, separated by gaps (synapses), and that they communicated through these gaps

28
Q

What concept formed the basis of modern neuroscience?

A

Cajal’s argument that neurons were discrete units, separated by gaps (synapses), and that they communicated through these gaps

29
Q

Who received the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for what?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934); His research on the nervous system

30
Q

The brain includes…

A

different cell types, and subclasses of the different cells

31
Q

Neurons are…, communicating with each other via…

A

the main signaling units; synapses

32
Q

What are the two main subclasses of neurons?

A

Interneurons, Projection neurons

33
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Local interconnections between neurons

34
Q

What are the non-neuronal cells (3)?

A

Endothelial cells, Ependymal cells, and Glial cells

35
Q

Endothelial cells line…

A

Blood vessels

36
Q

Ependymal cells line…

A

Ventricular walls

37
Q

Glial cells are (3)…

A

Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Astrocytes

38
Q

Oligodendrocytes (function)…

A

Insulate neuronal axons for faster signal transmission

39
Q

Microglia are…

A

the brain microphage with a hematopoietic origin

40
Q

Astrocytes are involved in…

A

Numerous functions such as blood brain barrier, homeostasis, neuronal growth and neurotransmitter recycling

41
Q

(Diagram)
Different types of neurobiological cell classes:
Subpopulations:
Subcellular locations:

A

Ependymal cells, Endothelial cells

Astrocytes, Microglia, Neuron, Oligodendrocytes

Axon, Dendrite, Synapse, and Glia endfeet

42
Q

When was Electroencephalography developed?

A

Early to Mid-20th Century

43
Q

Who developed EEG when?

A

German psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873-1941); in the 1920s

44
Q

What did EEG allow?

What did EEG provide?

A

The recording of electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp

Provided insights into brain waves and conditions like epilepsy

45
Q

When was pneumoencepahlography developed?

A

1940s-1950s

46
Q

Who invented pneumoencephalography when?

How was it done?

A

In 1918, American neurosurgeon Walter Dandy (1886-1946)

Injection of air into the cerebral ventricles as an aid to clinical diagnostics

47
Q

What did pneumoencephalography involve?

What was an early attempt at?

A

Involved injecting air into the cerebrospinal fluid and taking X-rays to visualize the brain’s ventricles

Early attempt at structural brain imaging

48
Q

When was Computed Tomography (CT) developed and by who (2)?

When and for what did they receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?

A

1970s; Sir Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack

1979; awarded jointly to Cormack and Hounsfield “for the development of computer assisted tomography”

49
Q

What is Computed Tomography (CT scanning)?

What did it revolutionize?

A

A non-invasive technique providing cross-sectional images of the brain

Revolutionized the diagnosis of brain disorders

50
Q

How are different cross sections created through advanced computer calculations?

A

If X-rays are sent through the body from different angles and registered when they have passed through the body

51
Q

What did Hounsfield develop?

A

An apparatus in which clusters of X-ray beams sent through the body from different angles are registered when they have passed the body

52
Q

What did Cormack develop?

A

The necessary methods of calculation

53
Q

Computed tomography provides (2)…

A

Cross sections of the body, A basis for three-dimensional images

54
Q

When was Magnetic Resonance imaging developed and by who (2)?

When did they get the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and for what?

A

1980s; Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield

2003; “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging”

55
Q

What does MRI offer?

What did it become a key tool for?

A

MRI offers high-resolution images without the use of ionizing radiation

Became a key tool for structural imaging

56
Q

Protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus behave like…
Accordingly, atoms and molecules…

A

small spinning magnets

Accordingly, atoms and molecules assume a certain orientation in a magnetic field

57
Q

How can a certain orientation of atoms and molecules in a magnetic field be dislodged?

A

By radio waves of certain frequencies that are characteristic for different atoms

58
Q

By introducing variations in the magnetic field during the 1970s, Lauterbur and Mansfield contributed to…

A

Use of the phenomenon to create images of the human body’s interior

59
Q

What (2) provides a basis for magnetic resonance imaging?

A

The incidence of hydrogen atom is measured, Differences in the water content of different tissues

60
Q

1990s: Functional MRI (fMRI)
Researchers started using fMRI to…

This allowed…

A

Measure blood flow changes associated with neural activity

Allowed for the study of brain function during various tasks

61
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Developed in the 1950s but gained prominence in the late 20th century
PET imaging involves…

The resulting _____ _____ provide information about…

A

PET imaging involves injecting a radioactive tracer, which emits positrons

Gamma rays; metabolic activity in the brain

62
Q

21st century:
Advancements in Functional Imaging:

A

Continued improvements in fMRI techniques, including connectivity studies and real-time imaging

63
Q

21st century:
Molecular imaging:

A

Development of techniques for visualizing specific molecules and receptors in the brain, aiding in the study of molecular processes in health and disease

64
Q

Mammalian brains:

A

Despite differences in complexity, the brains of all these species have many features in common (Rat, Rabbit, Cat, Sheep, Chimpanzee, Human, Dolphin)

NEUR 2700 - Research Methods (18 decks)

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