Quiz 1 - CVD Part 2 & 3 Flashcards
What invasive test injects dye into the arteries to allow for radiographic images of the heart to be seen?
Angiography (Cardiac Catheterization)
Electrocardiograms, treadmill stress tests, thallium scans, and an echocardiography are all examples of
noninvasive tests
A desirable Total cholesterol level for adults is less than ______mg/dL
200mg/dL
A desirable LDL cholesterol for adults is less than _____mg/dL and less than 100mg/dL for those with 2 or more risk factors
130mg/dL
A desirable HDL cholesterol for adults is higher than ______mg/dL
40mg/dL
A desirable triglyceride level for adults is less than _____ mg/dL
150mg/dL
What protein is synthesized in the liver as the acute-phase response to inflammation and elevated levels of >3mg/dL
C-reactive Protein CRP
What is characterised by atherosclerotic lesion disruption with superimposed thrombus formation, is the major cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and cardiovascular death?
atherothrombosis
What type of medicine binds bile acids in the gut?
Bile Acid Sequestrants
Welchol and Colestid are two types of ______
Bile Acid Sequestrants
What type of medicine inhibits rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors have two medicines, Lipitor and _______
Crestor
What type of medicine inhibits production of VLDL in the liver
Fibric Acid Derivatives
Tricor and Anatara are two types of _______
Fibric Acid Derivatives
What type of medicine inhibits reabsorption of Na and Cl front the distal convoluted tube in the kidneys?
Thiazide Diuretics
Hydrocholorothiazide and ________ are two types of Thiazide Diuretics
Chlorothiazide
What diuretics is used to treat HTN and edema, but may cause loss of potassium and increased blood uric acid?
Thiazide Diuretics
What type of medicine acts on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney to inhibit the reabsorption of Na?
Loop Diuretics
Bumetanide and _______ are two types of Loop Diuretics
Lasix
Loop Diuretics are used to treat edema associated with CHF, renal, or _______ disease
hepatic
What kind of medicine does not promote the secretion of Potassium into urine and is used along other drugs to treat HTN and CHF?
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Spironolactone and ______ are two types of potassium sparing diuretics
Amioloride
Potassium Sparing Diuretics may increase thirst and cause dehydration, and decrease weigh. While taking this avoid excessive _______ intake
K
What type of medicine blocks the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on Beta-adrengic receptors?
Beta blockers
Beta blockers are used to manage cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after a heart attack and HTN. Two types of medicine are Propranolol and ______
Atenolol
What type of medicine block conversion of angiotensin | to angiotensin || that include symptoms of persistent dry couch and may increase Vit K?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE)
Benezapril and Ramipril are two types of ______
ACE Inhibitors
What type of medicine inhibits angiotensin || from interacting with receptor, and is used for patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors?
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Two types of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers include _______ and Valsartan
Candesartan
What type of medicine disrupts the calcium ion from moving through the calcium channel and lowers intracellular calcium?
Calcium Channel Blockers
What are two types of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Diltiazem and Verapamil
What medicine is used to treat HTN, control heart rate, prevent cerebral vasospasm, and reduce chest pain?
Calcium Channel Blockers
What medicine inhibits lipoprotein synthesis?
Nicotinic Acid
Two types of Nicotinic Acid are Niacor and ________
Niaspan
596,577 people died from _____ in 2010
Heart Diseases
CVD kills one 1 in every ____
2.9
Every _____ seconds someone has a coronary event
25
Blood lipids are distiquished by composition, size, and _____
Density
Blood lipids + protein = _____
Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL all make up ____
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins transport lipid to cells and have a role in energy, _____, and substrate for synthesis for other compounds.
Storage
What tests the electrical activity of the heart?
Electrocardiograms
What tests the electrical activity during exercise?
Treadmill stress test
What type of scan produces images of heart muscle that shows CAD and blockages in arteries?
Thallium scans
What is a sonogram of the heart?
Echocardiography
What test creates pictures of the heart and shows smaller lessons of heart, progression of atheroscerosis, & regression of atheroscerosis following treatment?
MRI
A tomography uses an electron beam to measure the ______ in coronary arteries
calcium
A group of interrelated diseases that include coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure is _______
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
What disease involves the narrowing of small vessels that oxygenate the heart muscle?
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Myocardial Infarction (MI) aka
Ischemia
When blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies is a heart attack or _____
myocardial infarction
The process easing to development of atherosclerosis is _______
atherogenesis
The narrowing and loss of elasticity in the blood vessel wall caused by accumulation of plaque is ____________
Atherosclerotic Heart Disease (ASHD)
What fibrin layer produces enzymes that cause the artery to enlarge over time?
Atheroma
When atheromas rupture or break off they form a _____
Thrombus
A blood lipid profile of high LDL’s and low HDL’s that increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis is _____
Dyslipidemia
What is the primary cholesterol carrier that is associated with atherolscerosis?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
What removes cholesterol form arterial walls to liver, and is associated with low levels of chylomicrons, VLDL remnants, and Small dense LDL’s?
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
What are the largest particles that transport dietary fat and cholesterol from the small intestine to the liver and periphery?
Chylomicrons
What protein carries lipids in the blood and also controls the metabolism of the lipid protein molecule?
Apolipoproteins
Particles that are synthesized in the liver to transport endogenous triglycerides and cholesterol are _______
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
a group of risk factors that occur together and increase the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes is ______
Metabolic syndrome
disorder of high LDL cholesterol that is passed down through families (monogenic) and results in a coronary event before 65yoa is_______
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FM)
what is a sign of someone having familial hypercholesterolemia?
xanthomas
A disorder in which two or more family members have serum LDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels above the 90th% is ______
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL)
Old age, hypothyroidism, obesity, diabetes, and other lipodemias are risk factors that have to be present to have _______
Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia
What diet is suggested for primary and secondary prevention of CHD?
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) Diet
What amino acid metabolite of methionine is a risk factor?
Homocysteine
Poor Diet Quality, Physical inactivity, Stress, and tobacco use are all _____
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors
Diabetes, Hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity are all _____
Controllable Risk Factors
Age/Sex, Family History/Genetics, Menopausal Status are all _____
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What is the primary intervention for patients with elevated LDL cholesterol?
Medical Nutrition Therapy
What is produced in the hydrogenation process used int eh food industry to increase shelf life of foods and to make margarines, made from oil, firmer?
Trans-fatty acids
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids aka
Oleic Acid
What is rich in chylomicrons, VLDL’s and other metabolic remnants?
Triglycerides (TG)
LDL, HDL, and VLDL make up
Total Cholesterol
Heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly, managing weight, and no tobacco use are all preventions factor of _____
CVD
Framingham, MA Heart Study was over 3 generations and determined prevalence and _______ and factors related to CVD
incidence of CVD
Age, sec, blood pressure, total/HDL cholesterol, smoking, glucose intolerance, and left ventricular hypertrophy were 7 major risk factors of the
Framingham Heart Study
Adults who are very high risk should have an LDL cholesterol of _____ mg/dL
70 mg/dL
inflammation indicates presence of _____
atherosclerosis
Fibrinogen, C-Reactive Protein, and Homocysteine are all _______
inflammatory markers
Smoking, Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, Sedentary Lifestyle, High Tryglicerides, Genetic Factors are all factors that elevate the independent predictor of CHD, _______
Fibrinogen
Vitamins B6, B12, and Folic acid are all supplements given for ______
homocysteine
Physical inactivity is the ______ risk factor of CVD
independent
What results in increased heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac excitability and has effects comparable to hypertension?
Stress
Smoking and oral contraceptives put you at _____x the risk
10
Waist circumference recommendations should be below 35 inches for women and below ___ inches for men
40 inches
TLC and AHA are in agreement that saturated fat should be < ___% of calories and total fat should be between ___% & ____& of calories
<7%
25-35%
Saturated Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are three types of
Fat
SFA’s decrease _____ receptor synthesis and activity
LDL
Saturated Fatty Acid sources come from ___ and ____
Meat and dairy
Myristic, Palmitic, and Lauric are the most hypercholesterolemic-promoting _____
Saturated Fatty Acids
Trans Fatty Acids elevates ______
LDL Cholesterol
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids sources are mainly form ____ and ____
Olive oil and Avocados
By replacing SFA’s with _________, there is a decrease in serum cholesterol levels, LDL-c levels, and triglyceride levels
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids aka
linoleic acid
Corn oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, and sunflower oil are all sources of ________
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
By replacing SFA’s with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, there is a decrease in LDL-C levels and _______
HDL-C levels
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are names of
Omega 3 fatty acids
Omega 3’s decrease ____ risk and high triglyceride levels
CVD
Flaxseed, Chia seeds, fish, fish oils are sources of
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
If an adult has CVD, the recommendation of Omega-3 FA’s is ____gm of EPA & DHA
1gm
If an adult has triglicerides, the recommendation of Omega-3 FA’s is ____gm of EPA & DHA
2 - 4gm
Omega-3’s interferes with blood clotting, but in excess may ______ bleeding time
prolong
What raises total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol but to a lesser extent than SFA’s?
Dietary Cholesterol
Pectins, Gums, Mucilages, Algal polysaccharides, and hemicellulose are all examples of ______
Soluble fiber
Fiber produces Acetate, propionate, and ____
Butyrate
What are recommended by the Adult Treatment Panel 3 to lower LDL-C but decrease absorption of betakeratine, ticatheral, and lithopean levels?
Stanols and Sterols
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) are both types of
Medical Intervention
What procedure involves a catheter and balloon inserted through artery that inflates and pushes plaque aside?
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
What procedure takes a healthy after or vein and grafts it to create new passage for blood flow?
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Persistently high arterial blood pressure is _____
Hypertension (HTN)
The force exerted per unit area on the walls of arteries is _____
Blood Pressure
The BP during the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is ______
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
The BP during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is _______
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
Normotension criteria is SBP < 120 mm Hg and DBP < ____ mm Hg
< 80 mm Hg
Prehypertension Criteria is SBP of 120 to ____ mm Hg and DMP of 80 to ____mm Hg
139 mm Hg
89 mm Hg
Hypertension Criteria is SBP of > 140 mm Hg and DBP of > ___ mm Hg
90 mm Hg
90-95% of people with HTN have hypertension of unknown cause known as
Essential, Primary Hypertension
Remaining 5% of people with HTN have it as a result of another disease this is
Secondary Hypertension
How many million american adults have HTN and are taking anti HTN meds?
74 million
More than ____ of the us population have HTN, with blacks having a higher prevalence.
30%
Cardiac, Cerebrovascular, Renal, Peripheral, and Retinopathy are target organs affected by _____
HTN
The relationship between BP and risk of CVD events is ______, consistent, and independent of other risk factors
Continuous
What is mediated by sympathetic nervous system that secretes norepinphrine as a vasoconstrictor?
Short term BP regulation
What is mediated by kidneys through changes in fluid volume and the renin- angiotensin system?
Long Term Regulation
What diet is promoted to stop HTN?
DASH
DASH aka
Dietary approaches to stoping Hypertension
Original, High Protein, high in unsaturated fats were three test of the _____
Omni Heart Trial
There is a strong association between BMI and ______
HTN
1500mg, 2300mg and 3300mg were 3 versions of sodium regulations for the ______
Dash Trials
How many mg does one tsp of salt have?
2400 mg
Individuals with hypertension show a greater decrease in their BP in response to reduced sodium intake is now as _______
Salt-sensitive HTN
Individuals who BP does not change due to salt intake are ______
salt-resistant hypertension
What is a potent inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction?
Magnesium
Alcohol threshold for raising blood pressure is ____ drinks/day
3 drinks/day
Oral Contraceptives, steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nasal decongestants, appetite suppressants, cyclosporine, tricyclic anti depressants, and monoamine-oxidase inhibitors are
medications that can interfere/cause HTN
Dash Diet emphasizes on calcium, _____, and magnesium
potassium
What diet is high in fiber, low in fat, low in saturated fat, low in cholesterol, and emphasizes fruits and veggies?
DASH
Fatigue, SOB, and Fluid retention are the three main signs and symptoms of
Heart Failure
Two causes of heart failure are diseases of the heart and _____
vasculature
Heart Failure occurs when the heart cannot pump adequate blood to the rest of the
body
When the heart cannot pump/eject blood efficiently out of the heart it is known as
Systolic Failure
When the heart cannot fill with blood as it should, it is known as
Diastolic Failure
Stages A & B of HF is
asymptomatic
The function and shape of the left ventricle hypertrophies in an effort to sustain blood known as ____
cardiac remodeling
No undue symptoms associated with ordinary activity and no limitation of physical activity is _____ of HF
Class 1
Slight limitation of physical activity; patient comfortable at res is ____ of HF
Class ||
Marked limitation of physical activity; patient comfortable at rest is ____ of HF
Class |||
Inability to carry out physical activity without discomfort; symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or chest pain at rest
Class |V
Treatment of _______ HF encompasses both improving functional capacity and lesseingin progression of the underlying disease
End stage
Increasing the force of contraction, increasing in size, pumping more often, and stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium and water are ways the heart compensates for ____
HF
SOB gets worse at rest or night is ______
Orthopnea
Loss of oxygen to the brain causing brief loss of consciousness is
syncope
involuntary weight loss of at least 6% of non edematous body weight during a 6 month period during the end result of HF is _____
Cardiac cachexia
HF affects 5 million americans and its prevalence increases with ___
age
Anorexia, nausea, feeling of fullness, constipation, abdominal pain, malobsoption, hepatomegaly, and liver tenderness are all signs of
Cardiac cachexia
Implantable defibrillator shocks hear when it
stops beating
For HF patients, Sodium an dFluid intake should initially be < _____ mg/mL/day
2000
Individual with HF caloric needs increase by 30-50% so then need ________
31-35 kcal/kg
What is the only cure for refractory, end-stage HF?
Cardiac transplantation
