Quiz 1 and Test 1 Flashcards
Term for modification with descent
evolution
Order of vertebrates
fish -> amphibians -> reptiles -> mammals and birds
What are 4-feet (limbs) creatures?
tetrapod
What was the very first vertebrate?
fish (always have fins)
Creature that does not have limbs, but is still tetrapod due to descent
snake
Which features have common ancestors?
homology (mammal limb -> bird wing) (similar build)
Which features share common function?
analogy (bird wing -> insect wing) (completely different build)
Which features look alike?
homoplasy (insect wing -> leaves) (developed for mimicry)
Which symmetry body plan likes spokes on a wheel? No front, back, left, or right. (Jellyfish)
radial
Which symmetry has front/back, left/right, top/bottom type of symmetry?
bilateral
Which planes of section divides bilaterally symmetrical animals into left and right halves?
sagittal
Which places of section divides bilaterally symmetrical animals into anterior and posterior sections?
transverse
Which planes of section divide bilaterally symmetrical animals into dorsal and ventral sections?
frontal section
What means towards the heads, which is superior for humans?
anterior or cranial
What means nearer the tail, which is inferior for humans?
posterior or caudal
What means towards the back, which is posterior for humans?
dorsal
What means towards the belly, which is anterior for humans?
ventral
What means towards the midline?
medial
What means towards the sides of the body?
lateral
What is part of the appendage (fin or limb) closer to the body?
proximal
What is part of the appendage farther from the body?
distal
Who realized the importance of segments?
Owen
What the term used for course of evolution?
phylogeny
What over simplifies phylogeny and makes it look like direct evolution?
dendrograms
Which primitive chordate had no jaws, no vertebrae, skeleton made of protein, and no fins?
amphioxus
Which semi primitive chordate had no jaws, primitive vertebrae, cartilage skeleton, and unpaired fins?
lamprey
Which derived chordate had jaws, well-developed vertebrae, cartilage skeleton, and paired fins?
shark
What percent of species have gone extinct?
99
How many years have humans been around?
300,000
How long ago did civilization building begin?
12 to 15 thousand years
What is the science of building a phylogeny?
systematics
What is a group of organisms in branches of phylogeny?
taxon
What is a taxon of related organism?
clade
What is a relative measure of how evolved?
grade
What is the study of fossils?
paleontology
What are recovered fossils loaded with information about?
anatomy and social behavior
Why is the fossil record biased?
abundancy, distribution, existed for a long time, hard body parts
What was the famous place where creatures living in shallow sea caused landslides that helped preserve these organisms and help keep them together?
Burgess Shale
Who believed that parts were adapted to perform specific functions, and if a part was changed, the function failed and the animal perished?
Cuvier
Who believed in archetypes, stating that all living things came from the same basic, essential plan?
Owen
Who believed that species were unchanging?
Linnaeus
Who believed in aquired characteristics, which are those organismal parts that were adapted due to an environmental change?
Lamarck
Who wrote Darwin with extremely similar ideas to those that were stated in Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
Wallace
Who wrote On the Origin of Species which was used to show all of this scientist’s notes on the true meaning of natural selection?
Darwin
What year was the Cambrian explosion (multicellular animals = porifera, cnidaria, mollusks)?
542 mya
What year was snowball Earth?
600-750 mya
What year was multicellular eukaryote (algae)?
1.2 bya
What year was first eukaryote (single celled protist)?
2.1 bya
What year was oxygen revolution, resulting from waste production of photosynthesis and saturating water?
2.2-2.7 bya
What year was first life, cyanobacteria which are prokaryotes?
3.5 bya
What year was first rocks, cooling of earth, no fossils?
3.9 bya
What year was the formation of the solar system?
4.6 bya
What was the Cenozoic era known as?
age of mammals or recent animal life, 65 mya to now
What was the most recent mass extinction event?
cretaceous
What period and time were the first birds?
Jurassic, 150 mya
What period and time were the first mammals?
225 mya, Triassic
What was the Mesozoic era known as?
age of reptiles, middle animal life, 65-250 mya
What was the Paleozoic era known as?
age of fish, ancient animal life, 250-542 mya
What and when was the first mass extinction?
Permian, 250 mya
What and when were the first reptiles?
carboniferous, 300 mya
What and when were the first amphibians?
Devonian, 365 mya
What was the period where nothing happened?
Silurian
What was the first terrestrial life and during what period?
Ordovician, Arthropoda, scorpion, fungi, plant
How many animal phyla were brought about during the Cambrian explosion and what were they and when?
31+ animal phyla, Chordata, urucephalochorate, cephalochordate, vertebrata, 542 mya
Why was Cambrian explosion successful in bringing new species?
melting of snowball Earth = more photosynthesis
more oxygen = more energy = bigger, faster, predator/prey
What was the percent of species that went extinct during Permian extinction?
95
What caused the Permian extinction?
climate change
What are greenhouse gases?
traps suns rays
What are the two compounds most important for global warming?
CO2, CH4
What causes methane to build up in atmosphere?
animal farts, decomposition of organic life
What causes carbon dioxide build up in atmosphere?
burning fossil fuels (remains of once living organisms) (coal, oil, natural gas)
What happened during the Cretaceous extinction?
dinosaurs extinct
ET body came to Earth, 100 mile diameter crate left behind
blocked out sun with amount of dust and knocked out photosynthetic life so therefore food web -> catastrophic
herds of reptiles converted to mammals
