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Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates > Quiz 1 and Test 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 and Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Term for modification with descent

A

evolution

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2
Q

Order of vertebrates

A

fish -> amphibians -> reptiles -> mammals and birds

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3
Q

What are 4-feet (limbs) creatures?

A

tetrapod

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4
Q

What was the very first vertebrate?

A

fish (always have fins)

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5
Q

Creature that does not have limbs, but is still tetrapod due to descent

A

snake

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6
Q

Which features have common ancestors?

A

homology (mammal limb -> bird wing) (similar build)

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7
Q

Which features share common function?

A

analogy (bird wing -> insect wing) (completely different build)

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8
Q

Which features look alike?

A

homoplasy (insect wing -> leaves) (developed for mimicry)

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9
Q

Which symmetry body plan likes spokes on a wheel? No front, back, left, or right. (Jellyfish)

A

radial

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10
Q

Which symmetry has front/back, left/right, top/bottom type of symmetry?

A

bilateral

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11
Q

Which planes of section divides bilaterally symmetrical animals into left and right halves?

A

sagittal

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12
Q

Which places of section divides bilaterally symmetrical animals into anterior and posterior sections?

A

transverse

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13
Q

Which planes of section divide bilaterally symmetrical animals into dorsal and ventral sections?

A

frontal section

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14
Q

What means towards the heads, which is superior for humans?

A

anterior or cranial

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15
Q

What means nearer the tail, which is inferior for humans?

A

posterior or caudal

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16
Q

What means towards the back, which is posterior for humans?

A

dorsal

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17
Q

What means towards the belly, which is anterior for humans?

A

ventral

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18
Q

What means towards the midline?

A

medial

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19
Q

What means towards the sides of the body?

A

lateral

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20
Q

What is part of the appendage (fin or limb) closer to the body?

A

proximal

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21
Q

What is part of the appendage farther from the body?

A

distal

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22
Q

Who realized the importance of segments?

A

Owen

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23
Q

What the term used for course of evolution?

A

phylogeny

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24
Q

What over simplifies phylogeny and makes it look like direct evolution?

A

dendrograms

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25
Q

Which primitive chordate had no jaws, no vertebrae, skeleton made of protein, and no fins?

A

amphioxus

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26
Q

Which semi primitive chordate had no jaws, primitive vertebrae, cartilage skeleton, and unpaired fins?

A

lamprey

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27
Q

Which derived chordate had jaws, well-developed vertebrae, cartilage skeleton, and paired fins?

A

shark

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28
Q

What percent of species have gone extinct?

A

99

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29
Q

How many years have humans been around?

A

300,000

30
Q

How long ago did civilization building begin?

A

12 to 15 thousand years

31
Q

What is the science of building a phylogeny?

A

systematics

32
Q

What is a group of organisms in branches of phylogeny?

A

taxon

33
Q

What is a taxon of related organism?

A

clade

34
Q

What is a relative measure of how evolved?

A

grade

35
Q

What is the study of fossils?

A

paleontology

36
Q

What are recovered fossils loaded with information about?

A

anatomy and social behavior

37
Q

Why is the fossil record biased?

A

abundancy, distribution, existed for a long time, hard body parts

38
Q

What was the famous place where creatures living in shallow sea caused landslides that helped preserve these organisms and help keep them together?

A

Burgess Shale

39
Q

Who believed that parts were adapted to perform specific functions, and if a part was changed, the function failed and the animal perished?

A

Cuvier

40
Q

Who believed in archetypes, stating that all living things came from the same basic, essential plan?

A

Owen

41
Q

Who believed that species were unchanging?

A

Linnaeus

42
Q

Who believed in aquired characteristics, which are those organismal parts that were adapted due to an environmental change?

A

Lamarck

43
Q

Who wrote Darwin with extremely similar ideas to those that were stated in Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

A

Wallace

44
Q

Who wrote On the Origin of Species which was used to show all of this scientist’s notes on the true meaning of natural selection?

A

Darwin

45
Q

What year was the Cambrian explosion (multicellular animals = porifera, cnidaria, mollusks)?

A

542 mya

46
Q

What year was snowball Earth?

A

600-750 mya

47
Q

What year was multicellular eukaryote (algae)?

A

1.2 bya

48
Q

What year was first eukaryote (single celled protist)?

A

2.1 bya

49
Q

What year was oxygen revolution, resulting from waste production of photosynthesis and saturating water?

A

2.2-2.7 bya

50
Q

What year was first life, cyanobacteria which are prokaryotes?

A

3.5 bya

51
Q

What year was first rocks, cooling of earth, no fossils?

A

3.9 bya

52
Q

What year was the formation of the solar system?

A

4.6 bya

53
Q

What was the Cenozoic era known as?

A

age of mammals or recent animal life, 65 mya to now

54
Q

What was the most recent mass extinction event?

A

cretaceous

55
Q

What period and time were the first birds?

A

Jurassic, 150 mya

56
Q

What period and time were the first mammals?

A

225 mya, Triassic

57
Q

What was the Mesozoic era known as?

A

age of reptiles, middle animal life, 65-250 mya

58
Q

What was the Paleozoic era known as?

A

age of fish, ancient animal life, 250-542 mya

59
Q

What and when was the first mass extinction?

A

Permian, 250 mya

60
Q

What and when were the first reptiles?

A

carboniferous, 300 mya

61
Q

What and when were the first amphibians?

A

Devonian, 365 mya

62
Q

What was the period where nothing happened?

A

Silurian

63
Q

What was the first terrestrial life and during what period?

A

Ordovician, Arthropoda, scorpion, fungi, plant

64
Q

How many animal phyla were brought about during the Cambrian explosion and what were they and when?

A

31+ animal phyla, Chordata, urucephalochorate, cephalochordate, vertebrata, 542 mya

65
Q

Why was Cambrian explosion successful in bringing new species?

A

melting of snowball Earth = more photosynthesis
more oxygen = more energy = bigger, faster, predator/prey

66
Q

What was the percent of species that went extinct during Permian extinction?

A

95

67
Q

What caused the Permian extinction?

A

climate change

68
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

traps suns rays

69
Q

What are the two compounds most important for global warming?

A

CO2, CH4

70
Q

What causes methane to build up in atmosphere?

A

animal farts, decomposition of organic life

71
Q

What causes carbon dioxide build up in atmosphere?

A

burning fossil fuels (remains of once living organisms) (coal, oil, natural gas)

72
Q

What happened during the Cretaceous extinction?

A

dinosaurs extinct
ET body came to Earth, 100 mile diameter crate left behind
blocked out sun with amount of dust and knocked out photosynthetic life so therefore food web -> catastrophic
herds of reptiles converted to mammals

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates (6 decks)

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