Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral column

A

derived from notochord
series of bone/cartilage blocks
defines central axis of body

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2
Q

vertebrae

A

series of bone/cartilage blocks

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3
Q

neural spine and neural arch

A

covering the nerve cord (spinal cord)

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4
Q

centrum

A

body of vertebrae with a cushioning intervertebral disc

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5
Q

hemal spine and hemal arch

A

covers blood vessels

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6
Q

cranium

A

cartilage/bone plates protects the brain and sensory organs
neural crest cells (found only in vertebrates) are used to help build the cranium

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7
Q

neural crest cells

A

only vertebrates have these and the things that they give rise to
they are embryonic and build features that distinguish vertebrates from others

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8
Q

cephalochordate

A

peaceful protochordates
amphioxus-like, filter feeding, sinu venosus, hepatic cecum, myomeres… most resemble vertebrates

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9
Q

agnathan

A

first vertebrates. first fish. muscular pumping pharynx, cartilage replaces collagen in pharynx
-bigger appetite

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10
Q

gnathostome

A

powerful jaw for biting prey. body grows larger. predatory nature. powerful pharyngeal pump

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11
Q

agnathans

A

diverse jawless fish

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12
Q

conodonts

A

dentin (bone like) rasping mechanism in mouth. relationship to later species unclear

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13
Q

endoskeleton

A

cartilage, strengthens the notochord

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14
Q

exoskeleton

A

bony plates to protect soft bodies, head shields, first bone

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15
Q

ostracoderms

A

elaborate skeletons, ancestors to gnathostomes, ostracoderms extinct now

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16
Q

myxini (hagfish)

A

found today at bottom of oceans
feeding on dead fish
no vertebrae
but have cranium
eat dead stuff
burrow into carcasses of dead fish

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17
Q

pteraspidomorphi

A

extinct ostracoderms with head shields

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18
Q

cephalaspidomorpha (includes lamprey)

A

unusual single nasal opening

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19
Q

lamprey

A

mostly marine- all return to freshwater to spawn
most are parasitic: sucking the blood of other fishes
anatomical features:
brain present, encased in full cranium
cartilage endoskeleton strengthens notochord
primitive vertebrae
complex gills
heart (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle)
paired fins, jaws, bones are absent)

20
Q

gnathostome diversity, developments during the silurian period

A

jaws, paired fins (pectoral and pelvic), cartilage/ bone endoskeleton for fin articulation, agile swimming

21
Q

placoderms

A

looked like ostracoderms, but they jaws
heavy bony plates protected body
all extinct

22
Q

chondrichthyes

A

very successful
cartilaginous fish
trace of bone is present on teeth and scales
radiation during carboniferous period caused placoderms to go belly up
constant swimming, and hydrodynamic shape keeps fish afloat
bone, as a tissue, has been around since the cambrian

23
Q

elasmobranchs

A

sharks, skates, rays (700 species), most successful group of cartilaginous fish, most predatory with replaceable rows of teeth
unusual features:
rays have a flattened body and large pectoral fins
first gill slit modified (spiracle)
spiracle for breathing water into pharynx
mating is internal fertilization (clasper present)
fertilized eggs can be kept up until hatching

24
Q

whale shark

A

largest, 20 m long whale shark

25
Q

osteicthyes

A

most vertebrates (past or present) are bony fish
appearance of bone not gradual- was present from the start
air-filled swimm bladders aid buoyancy
gill openings are covered by a flap (operculum)
some use lungs to supplement / replace gills
surface covered in hard scales (some containing enamel = ganoid scales)

26
Q

actinopterygians

A

largest division of bony fish
fins supported by “rays” (lepidotrichia)
sturgeon (largest freshwater fish) is one of the last remaining examples of early forms (chondrostei)
include most common fish: salmon, trout, pike, herring, catfish
teleost = common name for majority

27
Q

sarcopterygians

A

small but important group
fleshy-finned fish
lungfish (dipnoi) are able to breathe air
lobe-finned fish (crossopterygians):
coelacanth is only survivor
rhipidistians were the ancestors of amphibians
complex teeth = labryinthodont teeth

28
Q

rhipidistians

A

pattern of small bones in cranium shared with amphibians
labryinthodont teeth shared with amphibians
fleshy fins with same bones as tetrapods

29
Q

tetrapods

A

four legged animals
derived from rhipidistians during devonian period
first four legged animals were amphibians

30
Q

amphibians

A

frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians
ADULTS AND LARVAE
-scales and labyrinthodont teeth (primitive characteristics in some)
- larvae with lateral lines and gills
-adults: limbs with digits, appendicular skeleton/ muscle well developed, lungs, able to hear in air
NOT FULLY TERRESTRIAL
-external fertilization: eggs laid in water
-eggs protected only by a jelly layer
-metamorphosis in water: larval to adult
-moist adult

31
Q

amniotes

A

-eggs protected with membranes (amnion) and shell
-internal fertilization
-eggs hatch outside body (except mammals)
-adapting to life away from water
-first amniotes from carboniferous period (300 mya) =cotylosaurs (stem reptiles

32
Q

anapsids

A

amphibians, no temporal fenestrae, turtles only remaining members, carapace dorsal, plastron ventral

33
Q

synapsids

A

early and late mammals, one pair of temporal fenestrae

34
Q

diapsids

A

dinosaurs, birds, lizards, two pairs of temporal fenestrae (holes in head)

35
Q

sauropsid

A

everything but synapsid, usually considered reptile group

36
Q

sauropsids (reptiles)

A

thick keratinized skin, lungs only

37
Q

diapsid

A

GROUP ONE
into water: ichthyosaur, plesiosaur
lepidosaurs on land:
-snakes, lizards, sphenodon
GROUP TWO
archosaurs “ruling reptile”
-crocodilians, birds (survive)
-pterosaurs (powered flight)
-dinosaurs

38
Q

do modern birds have two pairs of temporal fenestrae, even though they are diapsid?

A

no! crocodilians are the only ones that still

39
Q

birds

A

-not only animal to fly, but only one with feathers
-body modified for a large number of different lifestyles

40
Q

archaeopteryx

A

transition reptile with feathers, front claws, tail, teeth

41
Q

pelycosaurs

A

early synapsid-reptiles successful, sail-backed reps, dominated permian for 40 million years

42
Q

therapsid

A

mammal-like reps, first in late permian, shrew to hippo

43
Q

mammals

A

appeared in triassic 225 mya (from therapsids)
-endotherm, hair, legs beneath body, mammary glands, large brain

44
Q

monotremes

A

duckbill platypus, egg-laying

45
Q

marsupials

A

kangaroos, live-birth, but no placenta

46
Q

placental

A

all other mammals, live-birth using a placenta, numerous specialized species, some returned to water: cetaceans, some got smart in the trees: primates