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Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

sperm

A

only contribution to DNA from males

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2
Q

zygote

A

start of embryology, first cell then starts to divide after that

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3
Q

morula

A

soap bubble stage, solid mass of blastomeres (early embryonic cells)

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4
Q

blastula

A

hollow sphere, consists of hundreds of thousands of blastomeres, depending on the species
-blastocyst is name for blastula in mammals
-inner cell mass is the body of the embryo and embryonic membranes around the embryo
-each cell (blastomere) contains some of the original cytoplasmic contents of the zygote (cytosol and organelles including mitochondria
-outer layer of the blastula is called trophoblast and will form the placenta in placental mammals

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5
Q

gastrula

A

forms after the blastula during gastrulation
-major rearrangement of cells
-most cells arrived at final destination
-gut formation, early gut forms
-three germ cell layers; embryonic tissue layers are endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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6
Q

endoderm

A

gut, liver, pancreas, bladder, pharynx, lungs

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7
Q

ectoderm

A

skin epidermis, brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

mesoderm

A

skin dermis, muscle, bones, kidneys, gonads, heart, blood vessels

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9
Q

neuralation

A

formation of the neural tube
-nerve formation, neural plate changing
-cells move down neural folds called neural crest cells

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10
Q

species differences during embryology

A

amount and distribution of yolk in egg

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11
Q

gastroceol or archenteron

A

the true coelom (body cavity) inside the gut

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12
Q

neural plate

A

give rise to the central nervous system (dorsal tubular nerve cord)

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13
Q

neural folds

A

cells move down from neural crest cells

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14
Q

neural tube

A

during neurulation, nerve formation, neural plate changing

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15
Q

epimere

A

will form somite, this gives rise to lots of things

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16
Q

mesomere

A

will form kidney

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17
Q

hypomere

A

will form coelom, peritoneum, mesenteries… bones of appendages, heart, circulatory system, gonads, connective tissues, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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18
Q

somite

A

all mesoderm, three populations of cells in each somite which are segmentally arranged blocks of tissue in the embryo from the neck to the tail

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19
Q

dermatome

A

dermal layer of skin and smooth muscles in the dermal layer of skin

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20
Q

myotome

A

segmental muscles of the body (appendicular and axial muscles)

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21
Q

scleratome

A

vertebrae

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22
Q

mesentery

A

define the coelom, hold organs in place, lubricate organs to reduce friction

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23
Q

neural crest cells

A

ectodermal cells that enter embryo as neural tube forms
-migrate to many parts of body and become
-spinal/cranial ganglia, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla, skin pigment cells, lower jaw bone and cartilage

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24
Q

placodes

A

ectodermal cells that form thick patches over parts of head/anterior body (sensory nerves/epithelium)
-sensory nerves in head
-sensory receptors (otic, olfactory, lateral line, lens of eye)

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25
Q

differentiation of epithelia

A

simple (one cell thick) or stratified
-squamous (flat cells) or cuboidal or columnar
-membranes (epithelia alone, type 1) or glands (mostly exocytotic cells, type 2)

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26
Q

basement membrane

A

underneath epithelia, part of extracellular matrix

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27
Q

lumen

A

specific portion of the epithelia, block of cell layer

28
Q

exocytosis

A

secreting something

29
Q

endocytosis

A

bringing something in

30
Q

exocrine gland

A

ducts that carry away product

31
Q

endocrine gland

A

product (hormones) released directly into circulatory system where it’s carried away

32
Q

connective tissue

A

cell type + extracellular matrix
-matrix has ground substance (hard, soft, liquid) and a fiber (usually collagen)

33
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic only and source of all other connective tissue
-loose collection of cells

34
Q

adipose

A

no matrix, only fat cells, fat storage

35
Q

areolar

A

holds other tissues together (fibroblasts + collagen + elastin)
-least specialized type of connective tissue
-fits with general rule of connective tissue
-superficial fascia is example of areolar (holds skin down to muscle)

36
Q

fibrous

A

most common general type
-fits general rule: fibroblasts, and matrix with fibers in a gel-like ground substance

37
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

glassy appearance
-form model of adult skeleton in embryo before ossification
-found on end of long bones, tips of ribs, tracheal rings, in skull

38
Q

elastic

A

see flexible places like ear, tip of nose, epiglottis

39
Q

fibrocartilage

A

abundant collagen fibers
-especially in places with a lot of tensile forces such as intervertebral discs in knee, where femur joins pelvis

40
Q

chondrocytes

A

cartilage cell type, trapped in a lacunae space

41
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

ground substance for cartilage matrix (gel-like)

42
Q

avascular connective tissue

A

no direct blood supply, blood vessels and nerves end at perichondrium and respiratory gases and nutrients get to chondrocytes by simple diffusion

43
Q

bone

A

made of cylinders of matrix and cells, called osteons or haversian systems

44
Q

tree-ring like lamellae

A

made of layers of bone matrix and cells

45
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain old bone

46
Q

osteoblasts

A

make new matrix

47
Q

osteoclasts

A

degrade matrix

48
Q

periosteum

A

outermost sheath of connective tissue

49
Q

classification of bone

A

compact (densely packed osteons) or spongy
-endochondral or intramembranous bone (form differently during development
-long or flat

50
Q

diaphysis

A

cartilage converted to bone, first along length of shaft
-become hollow (medullary cavity) as blood vessel center
-primary ossification

51
Q

metaphysis

A

primary and secondary ossification centers meet here

52
Q

epiphysis

A

secondary ossification occurs at ends of bone

53
Q

long bones

A

use endochondral growth
-cartilage model, appears from mesenchyme
-diaphysis to epiphysis to metaphysis

54
Q

membrane bones

A

use intramembranous growth
-flat layers of mesenchyme secrete bone matrix (no cartilage intermediate)

55
Q

dermal bones

A

mesenchyme was part of skin dermis (part of skull and pectoral girdle)

56
Q

sesamoid bones

A

bone formed within a tendon (knee-cap/patella and wrist/pisiform bone)

57
Q

synovial joint

A

moveable
-joint capsule
-synovial fluid
-hyaline cartilage
-ligaments

58
Q

synarthrosis joint

A

immovable
-known as sutures or symphyses

59
Q

joint

A

where two separate elements of bone or cartilage meet
-inside walls lined with fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, enclosing the joint cavity, that secretes lubricating fluid= synovial fluid

60
Q

joint capsule

A

synovial capsule

61
Q

synovial joint

A

diarthrosis joint

62
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

cape the ends of long bones

63
Q

ligaments

A

fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints

64
Q

synarthrosis joint

A

no joint capsule, no lubricating fluid, no capsule membrane

65
Q

sutures

A

connected by fibrous connective tissue (skull)

66
Q

symphyses

A

connection of cartilage (pelvis)

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates (6 decks)

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