Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

sperm

A

only contribution to DNA from males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

zygote

A

start of embryology, first cell then starts to divide after that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

morula

A

soap bubble stage, solid mass of blastomeres (early embryonic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blastula

A

hollow sphere, consists of hundreds of thousands of blastomeres, depending on the species
-blastocyst is name for blastula in mammals
-inner cell mass is the body of the embryo and embryonic membranes around the embryo
-each cell (blastomere) contains some of the original cytoplasmic contents of the zygote (cytosol and organelles including mitochondria
-outer layer of the blastula is called trophoblast and will form the placenta in placental mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gastrula

A

forms after the blastula during gastrulation
-major rearrangement of cells
-most cells arrived at final destination
-gut formation, early gut forms
-three germ cell layers; embryonic tissue layers are endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endoderm

A

gut, liver, pancreas, bladder, pharynx, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ectoderm

A

skin epidermis, brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mesoderm

A

skin dermis, muscle, bones, kidneys, gonads, heart, blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

neuralation

A

formation of the neural tube
-nerve formation, neural plate changing
-cells move down neural folds called neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

species differences during embryology

A

amount and distribution of yolk in egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gastroceol or archenteron

A

the true coelom (body cavity) inside the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

neural plate

A

give rise to the central nervous system (dorsal tubular nerve cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neural folds

A

cells move down from neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neural tube

A

during neurulation, nerve formation, neural plate changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

epimere

A

will form somite, this gives rise to lots of things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mesomere

A

will form kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypomere

A

will form coelom, peritoneum, mesenteries… bones of appendages, heart, circulatory system, gonads, connective tissues, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

somite

A

all mesoderm, three populations of cells in each somite which are segmentally arranged blocks of tissue in the embryo from the neck to the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dermatome

A

dermal layer of skin and smooth muscles in the dermal layer of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

myotome

A

segmental muscles of the body (appendicular and axial muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

scleratome

A

vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mesentery

A

define the coelom, hold organs in place, lubricate organs to reduce friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neural crest cells

A

ectodermal cells that enter embryo as neural tube forms
-migrate to many parts of body and become
-spinal/cranial ganglia, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla, skin pigment cells, lower jaw bone and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

placodes

A

ectodermal cells that form thick patches over parts of head/anterior body (sensory nerves/epithelium)
-sensory nerves in head
-sensory receptors (otic, olfactory, lateral line, lens of eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

differentiation of epithelia

A

simple (one cell thick) or stratified
-squamous (flat cells) or cuboidal or columnar
-membranes (epithelia alone, type 1) or glands (mostly exocytotic cells, type 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

basement membrane

A

underneath epithelia, part of extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

lumen

A

specific portion of the epithelia, block of cell layer

28
Q

exocytosis

A

secreting something

29
Q

endocytosis

A

bringing something in

30
Q

exocrine gland

A

ducts that carry away product

31
Q

endocrine gland

A

product (hormones) released directly into circulatory system where it’s carried away

32
Q

connective tissue

A

cell type + extracellular matrix
-matrix has ground substance (hard, soft, liquid) and a fiber (usually collagen)

33
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic only and source of all other connective tissue
-loose collection of cells

34
Q

adipose

A

no matrix, only fat cells, fat storage

35
Q

areolar

A

holds other tissues together (fibroblasts + collagen + elastin)
-least specialized type of connective tissue
-fits with general rule of connective tissue
-superficial fascia is example of areolar (holds skin down to muscle)

36
Q

fibrous

A

most common general type
-fits general rule: fibroblasts, and matrix with fibers in a gel-like ground substance

37
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

glassy appearance
-form model of adult skeleton in embryo before ossification
-found on end of long bones, tips of ribs, tracheal rings, in skull

38
Q

elastic

A

see flexible places like ear, tip of nose, epiglottis

39
Q

fibrocartilage

A

abundant collagen fibers
-especially in places with a lot of tensile forces such as intervertebral discs in knee, where femur joins pelvis

40
Q

chondrocytes

A

cartilage cell type, trapped in a lacunae space

41
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

ground substance for cartilage matrix (gel-like)

42
Q

avascular connective tissue

A

no direct blood supply, blood vessels and nerves end at perichondrium and respiratory gases and nutrients get to chondrocytes by simple diffusion

43
Q

bone

A

made of cylinders of matrix and cells, called osteons or haversian systems

44
Q

tree-ring like lamellae

A

made of layers of bone matrix and cells

45
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain old bone

46
Q

osteoblasts

A

make new matrix

47
Q

osteoclasts

A

degrade matrix

48
Q

periosteum

A

outermost sheath of connective tissue

49
Q

classification of bone

A

compact (densely packed osteons) or spongy
-endochondral or intramembranous bone (form differently during development
-long or flat

50
Q

diaphysis

A

cartilage converted to bone, first along length of shaft
-become hollow (medullary cavity) as blood vessel center
-primary ossification

51
Q

metaphysis

A

primary and secondary ossification centers meet here

52
Q

epiphysis

A

secondary ossification occurs at ends of bone

53
Q

long bones

A

use endochondral growth
-cartilage model, appears from mesenchyme
-diaphysis to epiphysis to metaphysis

54
Q

membrane bones

A

use intramembranous growth
-flat layers of mesenchyme secrete bone matrix (no cartilage intermediate)

55
Q

dermal bones

A

mesenchyme was part of skin dermis (part of skull and pectoral girdle)

56
Q

sesamoid bones

A

bone formed within a tendon (knee-cap/patella and wrist/pisiform bone)

57
Q

synovial joint

A

moveable
-joint capsule
-synovial fluid
-hyaline cartilage
-ligaments

58
Q

synarthrosis joint

A

immovable
-known as sutures or symphyses

59
Q

joint

A

where two separate elements of bone or cartilage meet
-inside walls lined with fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, enclosing the joint cavity, that secretes lubricating fluid= synovial fluid

60
Q

joint capsule

A

synovial capsule

61
Q

synovial joint

A

diarthrosis joint

62
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

cape the ends of long bones

63
Q

ligaments

A

fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints

64
Q

synarthrosis joint

A

no joint capsule, no lubricating fluid, no capsule membrane

65
Q

sutures

A

connected by fibrous connective tissue (skull)

66
Q

symphyses

A

connection of cartilage (pelvis)

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions