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Chem > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pressure equals

A

force / area

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2
Q

You can increase pressure by

A

increasing force or decrease the area

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3
Q

You can decrease pressure by

A

decreasing force or increasing the area

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4
Q

If I double the diameter, I decrease the pressure by a factor of _______.
1 cm syringe, pressure @10 psi
2 cm syringe, pressure @ ______?

A

4

2.5

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5
Q

A Borden gauge is used to measure what?

A

Gas within a cylinder

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6
Q

You can still have pressure in tank even though reading zero due to

A

atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

1 atmosphere at 760mmHg is equal to

A

14 psi

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8
Q

If a tank has 14 psi, how much much pressure do you have to give in order to move the pin on the Borden gauge?

A

More than 14 PSI

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9
Q

Today atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg and tank read 50%, and I take it to mountains tomorrow in Denver where atmospheric pressure is 600, will that tank be fuller or emptier?

A

The tank will seem to be fuller on the borden gauge but the actual volume has not changed

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10
Q

If I take a tank from this room where it is 70 degrees and its reading 50% and I take that same cylinder outside at 20 degrees, how will the gauge read?

A

It will read lower (same concept as car tire pressure reading lower in the winter)

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11
Q

When I put an ETT in in a cold OR and inflate my cuff and I don’t measure pressure and now its in someone’s body and it has warmed up another 30 degrees, the pressure in that cuff has ________

A

increased. There is a relationship between temperature, pressure and volume

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12
Q

At the same depth in a fluid, pressure is exerted in _________

A

all directions

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13
Q

What is Pascal’s Principle?

A

The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount

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14
Q

What is an example of pascals principle we use on regular basis?

A

A-line – A fluid filled column attached to a catheter in an artery and there is a pressure variable pushing against that catheter. That pressure is then exerted unchanged throughout the fluid

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15
Q

You’re applying a pressure of 3 psi on the plunger of a syringe with a plugged up needle. How does the pressure in the barrel compare to the pressure in the needle

A

Equally (pascals principle)

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16
Q

What is laminar flow

A

fluids move without internal turbulence

type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths

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17
Q

What does turbulent flow mean?

A

It means there are eddies

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18
Q

Who is someone with turbulent flow?

A

Someone in AFIB (d/t left atrial appendage)

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19
Q

If the diameter gets smaller, what happens to the speed?

A

It increases

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20
Q

If I have a flow rate of 10 L/min through a 1 inch catheter and I decrease the catheter to 1/2 inch, what happens to the flow?

A

The flow rate increases because I am still giving the same amount of fluid over 1 minute

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21
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Law?

A

Pressure of a fluid varies inversely with speed, an increase in speed produces a decrease in pressure
(the faster the flow, the less pressure it exerts)

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22
Q

What is an example of a Venturi tube?

A

flow meter

Fluid speeds up as it meets constriction

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23
Q

What is viscosity?

A

a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

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24
Q

What is Poiseuilles Law?

A

Determined that the laminar flow rate of an incompressible fluid along a pipe is proportional to the fourth power of the pipe’s radius

Radius is the PRIMARY factor that allows for flow rates

Radius is to the 4th power

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25
Q

if I put a big IV in, I’m increases the radius to the 4th power to allow flow to

A

increase

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26
Q

Radius – wider =
Length – shorter length =
Pressure – applying pressure =
Viscosity – thinner =

A

less resistance
better flow rate
increased flow rate
easier to infuse

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27
Q

What is Reynolds number?

A

Prediction of when a flow will become turbulent

28
Q

For a given liquid and tube there is a critical flow rate above which the flow will become turbulent.

A
  • INVERSELY proportional to viscosity
  • Proportional to density
  • Proportional to the velocity
  • Proportional to tube diameter
29
Q

Density is

A

mass per volume

30
Q

If the density of the object is greater than the density of the fluid, it will

A

sink

31
Q

If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid, it will

A

float

32
Q

A hydrometer measures what?

A

Specific gravity

33
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

relationship between object density in relationship to water. Anything that has a value greater than 1 = higher specific gravity

34
Q

What is LaPlaces law?

A

When a liquid is in contact with another surface, the curling creates a pressure difference

can be used to explain why the “surface tension” on
a blood vessel wall will depend on the radius of the vessel

o Cylinder – greater wall tension
o Spherical - blood vessel changed dynamics of wall tension (decreased the tension) – Aneurysm

35
Q

La Place Law states that for cylinders, T = Pr What does T, P and r stand for?

A 
T = wall tension
P = pressure of a fluid within a cylinder
r = radius
36
Q

In a normal cylindrically shaped structure, as the radius increases, what happens to the wall tension?

A

Wall tension increases

37
Q

What is zeroth law of thermodynamics?

A

2 objects A/B are same temperature. B/C are same temperature, therefore A/C are equal temperature (thermal equilibrium) and no heat will flow between A/C

38
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

o Endothermic process - energy flows into the system

o Exothermic process – energy flows out of they system

39
Q

What is an example of an exothermic process?

A

SODA LIME – end of week, will be warm, chemical reaction from CO2 to soda lime is an exothermic process

40
Q

Law of thermodynamics states that temperature will go

A

from higher temp to lower temp

Warm patient will lose heat to cold OR table

41
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Heat spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cold body when 2 bodies are brought into thermal contact.

42
Q

What is the third law of thermodynamics

A

It is not possible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute 0

43
Q

When two bodies of unequal temperature are brought into contact, a flow of heat occurs until what happens?

A

the 2 temperatures are equal )from hot to cold)

44
Q

What are the heat transfer %’s for each heat loss?

A

Convection - 30
Conduction - 20
Radiation - 40
Evaporation - 10

45
Q

What is convection?

A

Heat transfer caused by the movement of a liquid or gas (30%)

OR has constant flow of air – airflow across them, they are losing immense amount of heat. Heat goes from hot to cold.

46
Q

What is conduction?

A

Transfer of heat by the direct interaction of molecules in a hot area with molecules in a cooler area (20%)

47
Q

What is radiation?

A

Energy emitted from an object. (40%)
Requires no physical medium or physical contact between the objects.

If we took a body and put it in a container with no wind, body is 98 degrees and the air was 68 degrees, there will still be loss of heat

48
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Heat loss through respiration (10%)

HME filters helps retain some heat

49
Q
  • Solid to liquid:
  • Liquid to solid:
  • Liquid to gas:
  • Gas to Liquid:
  • Solid to gas:
  • Gas to solid:
A
  • Melting
  • Freezing
  • Vaporization
  • Condensation
  • Sublimation
  • Deposition
50
Q

What is ohms law?

A
  • The energy required to push electrons through a material is a measure of the resistance of the material to the passage of current.
  • The resistance R is measured in ohms (Ω)
51
Q

What is Spectroscopy and Beers law>

A

The branch of science concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation

52
Q

What are the 2 light forms and at what wavelengths?

A

Red light on pulse ox emits infrared light at 660 nanometers, while the other LED emits invisible infrared radiation at a wave length at approximately 905 nanometers.

53
Q

on a pulse ox, deoxygenated absorbs more strongly at

A

660 nanometers

54
Q

on a pulse ox, oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more strongly at

A

905 nanometers

55
Q

What is microshock?

A

the delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart.

56
Q

What amounts of microshock and produce vfib?

A

< 50 uA

Never simultaneously touch an electrical device and a saline-filled central venous pressure catheter or external pacing wires (wear rubber gloves)

57
Q

What is the threshold of perception?

A

1 mA

58
Q

What is a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter?

A

Used in circuits near water sources. GFCIs immediately (within 1 ms) disrupt the flow of current in the circuit if a change in current is detected

59
Q

What is a disadvantage of using a ground fault circuit interrupter in the operating room?

A

it interrupts the power without warning

60
Q

To decrease risk, operating rooms, electrical systems are ___________ from the grounded electrical supply through the use of isolation transformers

A

isolated

61
Q

What are isolation transformers?

A

rely on magnetic inductance to transfer a current from the grounded electrical system to an ungrounded secondary system without the two systems physically contacting each other.

62
Q

What do ungrounded systems in the operating room prevent

A

accidental shocks resulting from simply touching a single live wire

63
Q

What is a line isolation monitor?

A

a device that alarms when a fault in an ungrounded system occurs.

64
Q

The alarm set point for a line isolation monitor is usually between

A

2 and 5 mA.

If the gauge reads between 2 and 5 mA, there probably is too much electrical equipment plugged into the circuit.

If the gauge is reading >5 mA, it is likely that a faulty piece of equipment is present in the operating room.

65
Q

Isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane numbers

A

Isoflurane 239mmHg
sevoflurane 157 mmHg
desflurane 669 mmHg

Chem (4 decks)

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