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Cardiopulmonary > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the thorax?

A

-to protect major organs of the cardiopulmonary system

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2
Q

What ribs does the sternum articulate with?

A

-Ribs 3-7

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3
Q

What is the main of the level in the thorax at which the trachea bifurcates to the main bronchi?

A

-The angle of louis

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4
Q

Where does the manubrium meet the sternum?

A

-The angle of Louis

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5
Q

What ribs are considered true ribs?

A

-Ribs 1-7

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6
Q

What ribs are considered false ribs?

A

-Rib 8-10

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7
Q

What ribs are floating ribs?

A

-Ribs 11 and 12

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8
Q

Where does the vascular and nervous supply of ribs run?

A

-Just beneath the inferior border of the ribs

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9
Q

What is the outermost layer of heart tissue?

A

-The pericardium

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

-Parietal and Visceral

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium?

A

-Parietal layer

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12
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

-Visceral layer

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13
Q

What divides the two layers of the pericardium?

A

-The pericardial space

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14
Q

What is in the pericardial space?

A

-Pericardial fluid (about 20ml)

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15
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

-When there is more than 20 ml of pericardial fluid in the pericardial space

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16
Q

What is the muscle of the heart the facilitates pumping?

A

-The myocardium

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17
Q

What three properties do myocardial cells have?

A

-Automaticity, rhythmicity, and conductivity

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18
Q

What lines the chambers of the heart?

A

-The Endocardium

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19
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

-The tricuspid valve

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20
Q

What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

-The mitral valve

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21
Q

What valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries?

A

-The pulmonic (semilunar valve)

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22
Q

What valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

A

-The aortic (semilunar) valve

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23
Q

A myocardial infarct affecting the papillary muscle will effect what?

A

-The valves of the hart

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24
Q

What node sets the rhythm of the heart?

A

-The SA (sinoatrial) node

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25
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

-The Right atrium

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26
Q

What is the normal firing rate of the SA node?

A

-60-100 BPM

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27
Q

What node slows the impulses down to allow the ventricles to properly fill?

A

-The AV (atrioventricular) node

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28
Q

What node can take over if the SA node fails?

A

-The AV node

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29
Q

What is the normal firing rate of the AV node?

A

-40 to 60 bpm

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30
Q

What fibers transmits impulses to the myocardial cells?

A

-Perkinjie fibers

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31
Q

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart?

A

-The Vagus nerve

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32
Q

What provides sympathetic innervation to the heart?

A

-Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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33
Q

What it the low pressure system of the cardiopulmonary system?

A

-The pulmonary system

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34
Q

What is the high pressure system?

A

-Systemic circulation

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35
Q

What are the first branches of the aorta?

A

-the coronary arteries

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36
Q

What is the first branch off of the aortic arch?

A

-The brachiocephalic trunk

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37
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

A

-The right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

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38
Q

What is the branch off of the aortic arch after the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

-the left common carotid artery

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39
Q

What is the last branch off of the aortic arch?

A

-The left subclavian artery

40
Q

What is the first branch of the right coronary artery?

A

-The marginal branch

41
Q

What Arises from the right coronary artery?

A

-The posterior descending branch

42
Q

What does the left coronary artery immediatly give rise to?

A

-the anterior descending artery

43
Q

What else does the left coronary artery give rise to?

A

-The circumflex artery

44
Q

Where do all coronary veins end?

A

-The coronary sinus

45
Q

Where does the right coronary arise from?

A

-The right anterolateral surface of the aorta

46
Q

Where does the right coronary artery descend to?

A

-the coronary sulcus

47
Q

Where does the left coronary artery arise from?

A

-left anterolateral aspect of the aorta

48
Q

What type of veins do not have valves?

A

-The pulmonary veins

49
Q

What are arterial walls composed of?

A

-Elastic and fibrous connective tissue, and smooth muscle

50
Q

Describe the path of blood?

A

-Artery>arteriole>capillary>venule>vein

51
Q

What is the main function of the endothelium of blood vessels?

A

-filtration, permeability, vasomotion, clotting and inflammation

52
Q

How do veins differ from arteries?

A

-Are thinner, have larger diameter, and have less elastic tissue than arteries

53
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

-transport and distribute essential substances to tissues of the body, and remove byproducts of cellular metabolism

54
Q

When does the cardiac cycle begin and end?

A

-the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next

55
Q

What is the contraction period of the cardiac cycle?

A

-Systole

56
Q

What is the Relaxtion period of the cardiac cycle?

A

-Diastole

57
Q

When the SA node first fires, what happens?

A

-The Right Atrium contracts

58
Q

From the right atrium, impulse from the SA node travels to the left atrium via what?

A

-The Bachmann Bundle

59
Q

When the ventricles begin to contract, you hear the first heart sound due to what?

A

-The AV valves closing

60
Q

What is the term that describes the beginning of the ventricular contraction during which the volume of blood does not change, and pressure increases?

A

-Isovolumic ventricular contraction

61
Q

The building of pressure from the isovolumic contraction causes what?

A

-The semilunar valves to open and blood to be ejected from the ventricles

62
Q

What causes the second heart sound?

A

-The closing of the semilunar valves

63
Q

What occurs at the start of ventricular relaxation?

A

-Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

64
Q

What is the volume of blood ejected out of the left ventricle per minute?

A

-Cardiac output

65
Q

What is normal value of cardiac output?

A

-5-6L per minute

66
Q

What do you calculate cardiac output?

A

-SV times HR

67
Q

What is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each contraction?

A

-Strove volume

68
Q

what is normal strove volume?

A

-55-100 ml

69
Q

What is the index of myocardial O2 consumption that reflects cardiac fitness?

A

-Rate pressure product

70
Q

Who do you calculate the rate pressure product?

A

-55-100 ml

71
Q

What is cardic index?

A

-CO time systolic BP

72
Q

What do sympathetic fibers do to HR and the SA node?

A

-Increase firing rate

73
Q

How do parasympathetic fibers effect HR and the SA firing rate?

A

-Decreases them

74
Q

What regulates HR intrinsically?

A

-The SA and AV node

75
Q

What regulates HR extrinsically?

A

-Neural influences

76
Q

How do sympathetic fibers in the myocardial walls effect coronary arteries?

A

-The dilate them

77
Q

Where is the cardiac acceleratory and decceleratory centers?

A

-the medulla

78
Q

Sympathetic influences increase HR via what?

A

-Catecholamines (norepi and epi)

79
Q

Parasympathetic influences decrease HR via what?

A

-Acetylcholine via the Vagus nerve

80
Q

Changes in HR are called what type of effects?

A

-Chronotrophic

81
Q

Changes in contractility are called what type of effect?

A

-Ionotrophic

82
Q

What three things effect strove volume?

A

-Preoload, contracility, and afterload

83
Q

What is the end diastolic volume also called?

A

-Preload

84
Q

What is cardiac contractility influenced by?

A

-Intrinsics (myocardial stretch) and extrinsics (activity of the sympathoadrenal system)

85
Q

What is Frank Stallings law?

A

-If there is a greater volume of blood ejected by the heart, it is mainly due to the fact that there was more blood returned to the heart and vice versa

86
Q

What is the best indicator of cardiac function?

A

-Ejection Fraction

87
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

-The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles relative to the amount of blood received by the ventricles

88
Q

What is normal ejection fraction?

A

-60-70%

89
Q

Who will systolic HR effect ejection fraction?

A

-it will decrease it

90
Q

What two factors effect venous return?

A

-Total blood volume, and pressure within venous vasculature

91
Q

Less total blood volume will cause what?

A

-LEss blood being returned to the heart

92
Q

Where is pressure highest in the venous system?

A

-The venules

93
Q

Where is pressure lowest in the venous system?

A

-The vena cava at the right atrium

94
Q

When does the myocardium receive blood?

A

-The diastole

95
Q

During sytole, the myocardium relies on what?

A

-Myoglobin

96
Q

What regulate coroney blood flow?

A

-The ANS

97
Q

What change occur in the cardiovascular system due to aging?

A

-increases in LV wall thickness, increased vascular thickness and reduction in maximum oxygen consumption and cardiac output

Cardiopulmonary (7 decks)

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