QUIZ #1 Flashcards
Raymond Williams’ 3 meanings of culture:
culture as a process of individual enrichment, as when we say that someone is “cultured”
culture as a group’s “particular way of life,”
culture as an activity, pursued by means of the museums, concerts, books, and movies that might be encouraged
is a set of values, norms, and behaviors shared by a social group.
Culture
A way of life and the society’s design for living
Culture
A society’s system of shared and learned values and norms;
Culture
The totality of learned and socially transmitted behavior
Culture
It is a product of interaction of material and non-material
Culture
also encapsulates the way of life of a social group.
Culture
described a cultural “toolkit” from which we can choose the appropriate tools—values, norms, practices—for any social situation.
Ann Swidler (1986)
learned, not instinctual or inherited.
culture is learned, not instinctual or inherited.
culture
learned Culture is socially transmitted Culture is a social product Culture is unconscious Culture is adaptive Culture has sanctions and controls Culture is stable yet dynamic Culture is both material and non-material
Components of Culture
Non-Material Culture
Values and Beliefs Norms Symbols / Gestures Language Material Culture
Food
Clothing
House / Design
are the building blocks of Norms, which are basic rules of social conduct
Values
Expectations about the way people do things in a specific country
Norms
Three kinds:
Folkways, Mores and Laws
Positive Mores
you can
Negative Mores
you can’t
Social rules and guidelines; guide appropriate behavior for specific situations
Norms
Those ideals that a society holds above all others
Values and Belief system
Abstract ideas about the
the good, the right, and the desirable
is one of the most significant cultural universals (others include marriage and art).
Language
Anything that the society has agreed upon to signify a meaning or understanding within and between its people
Symbols/Gestures
A legacy or attributes of a group or society that are inherited from generation to generation, maintained in the present, and bestowed for the benefit of the future generation
Cultural Heritage
These may include both
material culture (tangible) and non-material culture (intangible).
It defines situations
It defines attitudes, values, and goals
It defines folkways, traditions, and mythology
It provides behavior patterns
Social Construction
Cultural Centrism
Cultural Centrism
judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture by viewing one’s own culture as normal and, oftentimes, superior.
Ethnocentrism
Viewing a foreign culture as superior and that his own culture is inferior to that foreign culture.
Xenocentrism
Judging a simpler lifestyle as better or more acceptable
Noble Savage Mentality
A belief that the cultural enterprise of a certain culture must be passed on to another.
Cultural Burden
is the treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person based on the group, class, or category to which the person is perceived to belong rather than on individual attribute
Discrimination
any thought widely adopted about a specific type of individual or certain ways of behaving intended to represent the entire group of those individuals or behaviors as a whole
Stereotyping
a perceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience, that may cause harm or injury that results or may result from some action or judgement
prejudicing
an act of identifying a behavior of individual that is used to determine or classify as a deviant.
Labelling
the act of suspecting or targeting a person based on certain profile, such as race, age, gender, etc. rather than on individual suspicion
profiling
is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race and ethnicity
Racism
is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their sex, sexual orientation, gender, and / or gender preference. It is the belief that one gender is intrinsically superior than another.
Sexism
the unwanted conduct related to a relevant protected characteristic, which has the purpose or effect of violating an individual’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating, or offensive environment for that individual.
Harassment
occurs when an employee is treated badly because they have made or supported a complaint against a higher/co-equal worker, or suspected of doing so
victimization
occurs when an employee is treated badly because they have made or supported a complaint against a higher/co-equal worker, or suspected of doing so
ageism
a form of social stratification by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a lifestyle, status, and customary social interaction and exclusion.
caste
encompasses a range of negative attitude and feeling towards homosexuality or people who are perceived as being homosexual
homophobic discrmination
the process by which a person or a group is placed outside of the norm, into the margins
otherism
a concerted effort by a group to ostracize a person based on being undesirability.
blacklisting
Acceptance of different culture with respect each other’s differences.
cultural diversity
Social institutions found in virtually all societies.
universal culture
Process of spreading cultural traits or social process from a society to another through direct contact and exposure to the new form
cultural diffusion
The idea that all norms belief, and values are dependent on their cultural context, ad should be treated as such.
Cultural relativism
Blending or fusion of two distinct culture through long periods of interaction
Process by which a person or a group’s language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
assimilation
Involves borrowing and imitation that leads to permanent cultural diffusion
process of cultural change and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures
Acculturation
Deliberate infusion of a new culture to another
Process whereby individuals learn their group’s culture, through experience, observation, and instruction
enculcuration
Biological or hereditary fusion of societies
amalgamation
Feeling of disbelief, disorganization and frustration after an encounter with a different cultural pattern or practice.
culture shock
Gap between the material and non-material culture.
culture lag
A subculture is a group whose norms and values differ from those of the “mainstream.”
A subculture
- Subculture whose standards come in conflict with and oppose the conventional standards of the dominant culture
sub-culture
- Subculture whose standards come in conflict with and oppose the conventional standards of the dominant culture
counter-culture
The co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.
multiculturalism
Disenfranchisement of culture through absorption of a local culture by a dominant outside culture
Cultural Hemogenity
