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SOC 110 > m > Flashcards

m Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of the development, structure, and functioning of the society, and the interaction of its human community within its society

A

Sociology

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2
Q

It focuses on the ubiquity (or the everywhere-ness) of

A

Sex and Gender
Religion
Class and Race
Ethnicity etc

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3
Q

Involves the following aspects

A

Social (i.e. actions and interactions)
Cultural (i.e. practices and traditions)
Political (i.e. power relations and leadership)

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4
Q

The Sociological Problem

A

The feeling of being “trapped”

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5
Q

The different values of society

A

(Institutional Contradictions)

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6
Q

Success and failure of individual men

A

Self-Consciousness)

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7
Q

Personal troubles vs. Public issues

A

Structural Changes

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8
Q

. Indifference vs Anxiety

A

(Contradictions of Structures)

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9
Q

Sociological Perspective

A

. Seeing the general in particular

b. Seeing the strange in the familiar
c. Human behavior is not individualistic, rather social
d. Sociological perspective has a global perspective

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10
Q

Main Sociological Paradigms

A

Main Sociological Paradigms

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11
Q

. Structural Functionalism

A
  • deviance and functions of the society
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12
Q

Conflict Paradigm

A
  • rich vs poor, good vs bad
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13
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • thought, language, meaning
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14
Q

Use of scientific investigation or method

A

Sociological Inquiry

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15
Q

Person with professional knowledge and skill in studying the facts of society

A

Sociologist

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16
Q

C. Wright Mills –

A

Sociological Imagination

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17
Q

Gerhard Lenski

A

– Ecological-Evolution Theory

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18
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

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19
Q

Robert Merton

A

Structural Functionalism

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20
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

Social System Paradigms

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21
Q

Karl Marx

A

– Conflict Theory

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22
Q

W.E.B. Du Bois

A

Racial Struggle and Discrimination

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23
Q

George Mead

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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24
Q

Harold Garfinkel

A

Ethnomethodology

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25
Q

Augustus Comte

A

– Social Integration (Father of Sociology)

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26
Q

Raymond Williams’ 3 meanings of culture:

A

culture as a process of individual enrichment, as when we say that someone is “cultured”
culture as a group’s “particular way of life,”
culture as an activity, pursued by means of the museums, concerts, books, and movies that might be encouraged

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27
Q

The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind

A

Archaeology

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28
Q

The study of human life and culture

A

Anthrolopology

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29
Q

can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that were once alive. All living things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from the sun while they are alive

A

Carbon dating

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30
Q

has a half-life of 5000 years

A

Carbon 14

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31
Q

Carbon 14

A

Is limited to things 50,000 years old or less

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32
Q

Evolution of Man

A

First proposed by Charles Darwin

“Survival of the Fittest”

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33
Q

Homonids

A

Humans and other creatures that walk upright on two feet

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34
Q

The first Hominids, they are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3-4 million years ago.
.

A

Austrolopithecus

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35
Q

“Handy Man”

Phase between Australopithecus and Homo Erectus that emerged between 2.5-1.6 million years ago

A

Homo Habilis

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36
Q

Second stage in early human development, Homo erectus, which means upright human being, emerged about 1.8 million years ago.
These were the first hominids to leave Africa and moved into Europe and Asia.
They also used more complex tools

A

Homo erectus

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37
Q

About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged.
Homo Sapiens means “Wise Person.”
This group split into two distinct groups:
Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens

A

Homo sapiens

38
Q

Discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany.
Thought to have lived between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago; they lived in Europe and Turkey.
They used stone tools, and buried their dead. It is thought they had some primitive religious beliefs.
It was originally thought that they were killed off by homo sapiens sapiens, but new evidence has recently emerged that shows that there was some genetic mixing between the two groups.

A

Homo neanderthal

39
Q

Modern Human Beings
Believed to have appeared in Africa between 150,000-200,000 years ago
Began to migrate outside of Africa 100,000 years ago.
Believed by many to have replaced the Neanderthals by 30,000 B.C..
By 10,000 B.C. Homo Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the world due to migration.

A

Homo sapiens sapiens

40
Q

Migration Theories

A

Migration Theories

41
Q

One is the “out of Africa” model which states that homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and slowly replaced other groups they encountered throughout the world.

A

OUT OF AFRICA THEORY

42
Q

The other theory is the multiregional model, which states that development from earlier hominids to modern humans occurred in different locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at different times

A

MULTIREGIONAL MODEL

43
Q

Old Stone Age. This era was called the stone age because early man used stone to make his tools and weapons.

A

Paleolithic Age

Paleo” means old “Lithic” means stone

44
Q

Paleolithic man lived in groups called

A

clans.

45
Q

These clans got their food by

A

Hunting and Gathering

46
Q

Once the food supply ran out

A

they would move to a different area

47
Q

Because they moved from place to place they were

A

Nomadic

48
Q

Wandered from place to place

A

in search of food and shelter

49
Q

Paleolithic Age

A

Paleolithic Age

50
Q

Invented the first tools and weapons including

A

simple stone tools.

51
Q

Lived in groups called of about 20-30 people, used caves for shelter

A

clans

52
Q

Learned to make and control

A

fire to keep warm and cook their food.

53
Q

Developed

A

oral, or spoken language

54
Q

Made

A

cave art and statues.

55
Q

Early man learned to use fire to adapt to his environment. It was probably discovered from friction, lightning, or accidental hitting two rocks together.

A

Use of Fire

56
Q

Fire was very important during the . Without fire man would not have been able to survive

A

Ice Ages

57
Q

Man has created art for a very long time. There is some argument as to what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art as a form of religion

A

Cave Art

58
Q

Mesolithic Age

A

Mesolithic Age

59
Q

where there was a gradual shift from the old food-gathering and hunting economy to a food-producing one

A

Mesolithic age

60
Q

Between the Paleolithic and Neolithic

A

Mesolithic age

61
Q

means new stone age

A

Neolithic

62
Q

was the change from the Paleolithic period to the Neolithic Period.

A

The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

63
Q

was the consistent growing of crops on a continuing basis.

A

Systematic Agriculture

64
Q

In addition to growing crops Neolithic man also tamed animals for hunting (dogs) and other animals for their food such as sheep, cows, etc. . .

A

Domestication of Animals

65
Q

Neolithic Age

A 
Developed Agriculture
Domesticated Animals
Used Advanced Stone Tools
Developed Weaving (better clothing)
Made Pottery (for food storage)
66
Q

The first civilization developed in

A

river valleys, this allowed for large-scale farming to take place.

67
Q

As populations grew

A

cities were formed

68
Q

emerged because there was a need to regulate many aspects of city life including the food supply and the defense of the city.

A

The need for government

69
Q

As people had more contact with each other,

A

conflicts also emerged, government helped to regulate these as well.

70
Q

Most early governments were

A

monarchies.

71
Q

developed originally as a way to explain natural phenomena

A

religion

72
Q

Social Stratification

A

Social Stratification

73
Q

The upper class was made up

A

of priests, government officials, and warriors

74
Q

The lower class was made of

A

free people, farmers, artisans, and craftspeople.

75
Q

Below these groups were

A

slaves

76
Q

developed as a way to keep records

A

writing

77
Q

The first written language developed in Sumer in Mesopotamia

A

cuneiform(wedge-shaped writing)

78
Q

Once people had a steady food supply there was more time

A

artistic activity

79
Q

Artistic activities included:

A

Building Temples and Pyramids
Painting
Sculpture
Jewelry

80
Q

Characteristics of Civilization

A

These include:
urban centers between 7-20,000 people
specialized division of labor
ruling class of religious, civil and military leaders
food surplus
monumental architecture
writing system
developments of arithmetic, geometry and astronomy
art and long-distance trade
institutionalized form of political organization-the state

81
Q

Agricultural States

A

which had some of these characteristics but was primarily composed of inequality based on control of food surplus.

82
Q

resulted from increasing specialization because of technological innovations

A

Civilization

83
Q

The development of effective irrigation agriculture combined with fishing and animal husbandry to afford the surplus necessary to support a growing number of specialists

A

Urban Revolution Theory

84
Q

Irrigation itself had an organizing effect
scheduling of water use
maintenance of canals
defense of canals from hostile neighbors
while it can be carried on by small groups on an informal basis, it is more efficient and leads to greater growth if there is central management
in return, the person who manages the water has tremendous power over the farmers
if one source of power is so much more important than all others, a monopoly develops within a society
single-centered government arises from “oriental despotism”

A

Irrigation Theory

85
Q

Military conflicts between groups became more frequent

A

Warfare Theory

86
Q

losers were not able to flee to new farmlands were ————–into the winner’s society as a lower class

A

assimilated

87
Q

successful militarists were rewarded by

A

economic wealth, increasing amounts of land, and a conquered class of workers

88
Q

Major Transformations

A

CHANGES IN SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES
SHIFT FROM KIN-BASED TO CLASS-STRUCTURED SOCIETY

TRANSFER OF POWER FROM TEMPLE TO STATE

89
Q

what limited food production was not land but the availability of water

A

CHANGES IN SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES

90
Q

wealth accumulated by controlling good land and by managing the distribution of its products resulted in the acquisition by a few families of wealth and power

A

SHIFT FROM KIN-BASED TO CLASS-STRUCTURED SOCIETY

91
Q

happened largely because of increasing militarism

A

TRANSFER OF POWER FROM TEMPLE TO STATE

SOC 110 (5 decks)

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