m Flashcards
is the study of the development, structure, and functioning of the society, and the interaction of its human community within its society
Sociology
It focuses on the ubiquity (or the everywhere-ness) of
Sex and Gender
Religion
Class and Race
Ethnicity etc
Involves the following aspects
Social (i.e. actions and interactions)
Cultural (i.e. practices and traditions)
Political (i.e. power relations and leadership)
The Sociological Problem
The feeling of being “trapped”
The different values of society
(Institutional Contradictions)
Success and failure of individual men
Self-Consciousness)
Personal troubles vs. Public issues
Structural Changes
. Indifference vs Anxiety
(Contradictions of Structures)
Sociological Perspective
. Seeing the general in particular
b. Seeing the strange in the familiar
c. Human behavior is not individualistic, rather social
d. Sociological perspective has a global perspective
Main Sociological Paradigms
Main Sociological Paradigms
. Structural Functionalism
- deviance and functions of the society
Conflict Paradigm
- rich vs poor, good vs bad
Symbolic Interactionism
- thought, language, meaning
Use of scientific investigation or method
Sociological Inquiry
Person with professional knowledge and skill in studying the facts of society
Sociologist
C. Wright Mills –
Sociological Imagination
Gerhard Lenski
– Ecological-Evolution Theory
Emile Durkheim
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Robert Merton
Structural Functionalism
Talcott Parsons
Social System Paradigms
Karl Marx
– Conflict Theory
W.E.B. Du Bois
Racial Struggle and Discrimination
George Mead
Symbolic Interactionism
Harold Garfinkel
Ethnomethodology
Augustus Comte
– Social Integration (Father of Sociology)
Raymond Williams’ 3 meanings of culture:
culture as a process of individual enrichment, as when we say that someone is “cultured”
culture as a group’s “particular way of life,”
culture as an activity, pursued by means of the museums, concerts, books, and movies that might be encouraged
The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind
Archaeology
The study of human life and culture
Anthrolopology
can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that were once alive. All living things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14 which they absorb from the sun while they are alive
Carbon dating
has a half-life of 5000 years
Carbon 14
Carbon 14
Is limited to things 50,000 years old or less
Evolution of Man
First proposed by Charles Darwin
“Survival of the Fittest”
Homonids
Humans and other creatures that walk upright on two feet
The first Hominids, they are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3-4 million years ago.
.
Austrolopithecus
“Handy Man”
Phase between Australopithecus and Homo Erectus that emerged between 2.5-1.6 million years ago
Homo Habilis
Second stage in early human development, Homo erectus, which means upright human being, emerged about 1.8 million years ago.
These were the first hominids to leave Africa and moved into Europe and Asia.
They also used more complex tools
Homo erectus
About 250,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged.
Homo Sapiens means “Wise Person.”
This group split into two distinct groups:
Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Homo sapiens
Discovered in the Neander Valley in Germany.
Thought to have lived between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago; they lived in Europe and Turkey.
They used stone tools, and buried their dead. It is thought they had some primitive religious beliefs.
It was originally thought that they were killed off by homo sapiens sapiens, but new evidence has recently emerged that shows that there was some genetic mixing between the two groups.
Homo neanderthal
Modern Human Beings
Believed to have appeared in Africa between 150,000-200,000 years ago
Began to migrate outside of Africa 100,000 years ago.
Believed by many to have replaced the Neanderthals by 30,000 B.C..
By 10,000 B.C. Homo Sapiens Sapiens could be found throughout the world due to migration.
Homo sapiens sapiens
Migration Theories
Migration Theories
One is the “out of Africa” model which states that homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and slowly replaced other groups they encountered throughout the world.
OUT OF AFRICA THEORY
The other theory is the multiregional model, which states that development from earlier hominids to modern humans occurred in different locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at different times
MULTIREGIONAL MODEL
Old Stone Age. This era was called the stone age because early man used stone to make his tools and weapons.
Paleolithic Age
Paleo” means old “Lithic” means stone
Paleolithic man lived in groups called
clans.
These clans got their food by
Hunting and Gathering
Once the food supply ran out
they would move to a different area
Because they moved from place to place they were
Nomadic
Wandered from place to place
in search of food and shelter
Paleolithic Age
Paleolithic Age
Invented the first tools and weapons including
simple stone tools.
Lived in groups called of about 20-30 people, used caves for shelter
clans
Learned to make and control
fire to keep warm and cook their food.
Developed
oral, or spoken language
Made
cave art and statues.
Early man learned to use fire to adapt to his environment. It was probably discovered from friction, lightning, or accidental hitting two rocks together.
Use of Fire
Fire was very important during the . Without fire man would not have been able to survive
Ice Ages
Man has created art for a very long time. There is some argument as to what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art as a form of religion
Cave Art
Mesolithic Age
Mesolithic Age
where there was a gradual shift from the old food-gathering and hunting economy to a food-producing one
Mesolithic age
Between the Paleolithic and Neolithic
Mesolithic age
means new stone age
Neolithic
was the change from the Paleolithic period to the Neolithic Period.
The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
was the consistent growing of crops on a continuing basis.
Systematic Agriculture
In addition to growing crops Neolithic man also tamed animals for hunting (dogs) and other animals for their food such as sheep, cows, etc. . .
Domestication of Animals
Neolithic Age
Developed Agriculture Domesticated Animals Used Advanced Stone Tools Developed Weaving (better clothing) Made Pottery (for food storage)
The first civilization developed in
river valleys, this allowed for large-scale farming to take place.
As populations grew
cities were formed
emerged because there was a need to regulate many aspects of city life including the food supply and the defense of the city.
The need for government
As people had more contact with each other,
conflicts also emerged, government helped to regulate these as well.
Most early governments were
monarchies.
developed originally as a way to explain natural phenomena
religion
Social Stratification
Social Stratification
The upper class was made up
of priests, government officials, and warriors
The lower class was made of
free people, farmers, artisans, and craftspeople.
Below these groups were
slaves
developed as a way to keep records
writing
The first written language developed in Sumer in Mesopotamia
cuneiform(wedge-shaped writing)
Once people had a steady food supply there was more time
artistic activity
Artistic activities included:
Building Temples and Pyramids
Painting
Sculpture
Jewelry
Characteristics of Civilization
These include:
urban centers between 7-20,000 people
specialized division of labor
ruling class of religious, civil and military leaders
food surplus
monumental architecture
writing system
developments of arithmetic, geometry and astronomy
art and long-distance trade
institutionalized form of political organization-the state
Agricultural States
which had some of these characteristics but was primarily composed of inequality based on control of food surplus.
resulted from increasing specialization because of technological innovations
Civilization
The development of effective irrigation agriculture combined with fishing and animal husbandry to afford the surplus necessary to support a growing number of specialists
Urban Revolution Theory
Irrigation itself had an organizing effect
scheduling of water use
maintenance of canals
defense of canals from hostile neighbors
while it can be carried on by small groups on an informal basis, it is more efficient and leads to greater growth if there is central management
in return, the person who manages the water has tremendous power over the farmers
if one source of power is so much more important than all others, a monopoly develops within a society
single-centered government arises from “oriental despotism”
Irrigation Theory
Military conflicts between groups became more frequent
Warfare Theory
losers were not able to flee to new farmlands were ————–into the winner’s society as a lower class
assimilated
successful militarists were rewarded by
economic wealth, increasing amounts of land, and a conquered class of workers
Major Transformations
CHANGES IN SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES
SHIFT FROM KIN-BASED TO CLASS-STRUCTURED SOCIETY
TRANSFER OF POWER FROM TEMPLE TO STATE
what limited food production was not land but the availability of water
CHANGES IN SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES
wealth accumulated by controlling good land and by managing the distribution of its products resulted in the acquisition by a few families of wealth and power
SHIFT FROM KIN-BASED TO CLASS-STRUCTURED SOCIETY
happened largely because of increasing militarism
TRANSFER OF POWER FROM TEMPLE TO STATE
