QUIZ -1-6 Flashcards
is a non-homogeneous material made of mortar and stones or bricks
Masonry
Masonry is a non-homogenous material made of
•mortar
•stones or bricks
Masonry is a what material
Composite material
describes an extremely diversified system not only in terms of materials used but also of the constructive technique according to different historical and territorial realities, the local masonry materials
Masonry
As it is a ______, its structural behavior depends both on the characteristics of the single components and on their interaction.
Composite material
has been used since man gave up the nomadic lifestyle of a hunter- gatherer and began to build permanent structures for any of his domestic and cultural needs.
Stone
stone had been mostly used for its
• convenience
• endurance
• visual impact
Much of the history of the world’s civilization is recorded in
Stone
it is the only remaining evidence of past occupations
Stone
Stone is classified into three main groups based on their origin of formation as
• igneous rocks
• sedimentary rocks
• metamorphic rocks
Types of igneous rocks
• intrusive
• extrusive
• plutonic
Layering of rock
Strata
is the natural source of building and decorative stones
Rock
the solid part the Earth’s crust which is composed of inorganic substance-minerals
Rock
any piece of rock detached from the Earth’s crust
Stone
simply any natural material derived from rocks
Stone
the art and crafts of building in stone, clay, brick or concrete blocks with or without the use of mortar
Masonry
Types of rocks
• igneous rocks
• sedimentary rocks
• metamorphic rocks
these are rocks that solidified directly from molten silicates, which geologists call magma.
Igneous rocks
Molten silicates
Magma
these are formed when igneous rocks are eroded as a sediments under the sea or riverbeds
Sedimentary rocks
Fossils are often merged in this solidified layer.
Sedimentary rocks
these are made up of igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks of all ages which have been subjected to intense pressure and transform into a different rock
Metamorphic rocks
Examples of igneous rocks
• granite
• basalt
• pumice
• flint
• obsidian
• scoria
A form of quartz
Flint
Example of sedimentary rocks
• limestones
• chalk
• sandstone
• shale
• gypsum
• conglomerate
Example of metamorphic rocks
• marble
• slate
• quartzite
• gneiss
Do not include any fossil deposits.
Igneous rocks
Include more than one mineral deposit.
Igneous rocks
Can be either glassy or coarse.
Igneous rocks
Usually do not react with acids.
Igneous rocks
Are harder and more compact than the original igneous rocks.
Metamorphic rocks
Most are impermeable-they do not allow water to percolate through them having low porosity and high density
Metamorphic rocks
They do not contain fossils as fossils would be destroyed during the formation of these rocks.
Metamorphic rocks
Resistant to erosion.
Sedimentary rocks
Contain fossils of plants and animals.
Sedimentary rocks
Cover over 75% of the earth surface, while remaining 25% by igneous & metamorphic rocks.
Sedimentary rocks
Non-crystalline in nature.
Sedimentary rocks
May be well consolidated, poorly consolidated and even unconsolidated, depending on the nature of cementing elements and rock forming minerals.
Sedimentary rocks
Most of them are permeable depending on the ratio between the voids and the volume of a given rock mass.
Sedimentary rocks
In heritage buildings in the Philippines, the following stones are among those which were commonly used and were assembled mostly with mortar or binders.
• adobe
• limestone
• coral
• riverstone
• piedra china
• bricks
is from sedimentary rock which is a product of some marine mineral deposits including fossils, corals and other marine animals. The stone is quite porous and easy to cut and dress by hand.
Coral stone
represents the strongest, most used and most durable materials of the past, usually preferred for structures of the greatest importance.
Stone
Besides the advantages of stone, the ancient builders needed to solve two main difficulties namely:
• extraction from the quarry
• dimensioning
belongs to the geologic group of sedimentary rocks, which are created by accumulation of sediments along thousand of years.
Clay
Earth & Brick
The building methods varied according to the locations and cultures and the most ancient ones can be synthesized as follows:
• direct digging
• straw clay
• wattle and daub
• direct shaping
the first habitation were built directly in the ground by digging out layer.
Direct digging
clayey soil was added to straw ( the clay binds the straw together), and it was used to build several building components (brick, blocks and panels)
Straw clay
a bearing wooden structure was filled with clayey earth mixed with straw to prevent shrinkage.
Wattle and daub
an ancient technique that made use of a very plastic earth to model forms directly without using any kind of mold or framework.
Direct shaping
in a broadest sense is a workable paste used to bind stone or brick units together and build masonry elements.
Mortar
is a material used in masonry construction to fill the gaps between the bricks or stone blocks.
Mortar
Mortar is a mixture of
• sand
• binder (cement or lime)
• water
Ancient mortars
• clay and mud
• gypsum mortar
The first mortars were made of mud and clay, as demonstrated in the 10th millenia BCE buildings of _____, and the 8th millenia BCE of _____.
• jericho
• ganj dareh