LESSON 8

Question 1

Importance of Morphology of Stone Deterioration

Answer 1

• diagnose possible causes and effects
• plan conservation strategies

Question 2

types of weathering (deterioration of structures)

Answer 2

• physical weathering
• chemical weathering
• biological weathering

Question 3

is the process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition

Answer 3

physical weathering

Question 4

Physical weathering is the process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition and caused by factors such as:

Answer 4

• thermal expansion and thermal compression
• frost disintegration
• salt crystallization
• biogenic physical impact

Question 5

(changing temperature; temperature increases-rock (minerals) expands; decreases rocks (contracts).

Answer 5

thermal expansion and thermal compression

Question 6

(repeated cycle of ice formation and ice melt in the pore spaces and fractures of rocks; water freezes, volume increases by about 10%).

Answer 6

frost disintegration

Question 7

(groundwater moves into empty pores of rock by capillary action; water evaporates, salt crystals grow and accumulate, putting pressure
on the rock; common in drier climates).

Answer 7

salt crystallization

Question 8

(plants can grow in cracks; the pressure of a
confined growing root can make cracks in the rocks larger, and as roots grow they can break rocks apart)

Answer 8

biogenic physical impact

Question 9

Weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by chemical reactions; also known as decomposition or decay, is the breakdown of rock by chemical mechanisms.

Answer 9

chemical weathering

Question 10

types of chemical weathering

Answer 10

• oxidation
• carbonation
• hydrosis
• hydration
• dehydration

Question 11

(reaction of rock minerals with Oxygen, changing the mineral composition of the rocks)

Answer 11

oxidation

Question 12

(process of rock minerals reacting with carbonic acid; carbonic acid dissolves or breaks down minerals in the rock)

Answer 12

carbonation

Question 13

(chemical reaction caused by water changes the chemical composition and size of minerals in rock).

Answer 13

hydrosis

Question 14

(absorption of water into the mineral structure)

Answer 14

hydration

Question 15

(removal of water from rock or mineral structures)

Answer 15

dehydration

Question 16

Weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals and microbes.

Answer 16

biological weathering

Question 17

types of biological weathering

Answer 17

• plant roots
• burrowing animals
• micbrobial activity

Question 18

(Growing plant roots can exert stress or pressure on rock. Although the process is physical, the pressure is exerted by a biological
process).

Answer 18

plant roots

Question 19

(move rock fragments to the surface, exposing the rock to more intense chemical, physical, and biological processes)

Answer 19

burrowing animals

Question 20

(Breaks down rock minerals by altering the rock’s chemical composition, thus making it more susceptible to weathering.)

Answer 20

microbial activity

Question 21

example of microbial activity is

Answer 21

lichen (fungi or algae)