LESSON 13

Question 1

Compact, hard, mineral outer layer adhering to the stone.

Answer 1

encrustation

Question 2

are generally found below areas of the building where water is percolating or has percolated in the past.

Answer 2

encrustation

Question 3

Thin covering or coating
layer generally of organic
nature, generally
homogeneous, follows the
stone surface.

Answer 3

film

Question 4

Aspect of a surface that reflects totally or partially the light. The surface has a mirror-like appearance.

Answer 4

glossy aspect

Question 5

Engraving,
scratching, cutting or
application of paint, ink
or similar matter on the
stone surface.

Answer 5

graffiti

Question 6

Chromatic modification of the material, generally resulting from
natural or artificial ageing and not involving in most cases visible surface
deterioration.

Answer 6

patina

Question 7

patina sub types:

Answer 7

• iron rich patina
• oxalate patina

Question 8

Natural black to brown thin layer enriched in
iron/clay minerals, which can be found on iron containing sandstones.
This kind of patina is generally observed in outdoors environment, and
develops quite uniformly on the stone surface.

Answer 8

iron rich patina

Question 9

Orange to brown thin layer enriched in calcium
oxalates. This kind of patina may be found in outdoors environment,
often on marble and limestone substrates.

Answer 9

oxalate patina

Question 10

Deposit of a very thin layer of exogenous particles (eg. soot)
giving a dirty appearance to the stone surface.

Answer 10

soiling

Question 11

Poorly adhesive soluble salts, commonly white, located under the stone surface.

Answer 11

SUBFLORESCENCE

Question 12

are hidden, unless the stone layer over them detaches.

Answer 12

calorescences