Quiz 1 Flashcards
Refers to the study of patient positioning performed for radiographic demonstration or visualization of specific body parts on image receptors (IRs).
Radiographic Positioning
‒ The process and procedures of producing a radiograph.
Radiography
specifically refers to the physical piece of material on which a latent (nonprocessed) radiographic image is stored
x-ray film
includes the recording medium and the image.
radiograph
‒ The device that captures the radiographic image that exits the
patient; refers to both film-screen cassettes and digital acquisition devices.
Image receptor (IR)
‒ Refers to the centermost portion of the x-ray beam emitted
from the x-ray tube—the portion of the x-ray beam that has the least divergence.
Central ray (CR)
Four common planes as used in medical imaging are as
follows:
- Sagittal 2. Coronal
- Horizontal 4. Oblique
sometimes called the median plane, is a midline sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts. It passes approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull.
Midsagittal plane
Any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
Sagittal Plane
Any longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Coronal Plane
divides the body into approximately equal anterior and posterior parts.
Midcoronal plane
Any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane is called
sagittal plane
Any plane parallel to the midcoronal or frontal plane is called
coronal plane
Any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
Horizontal (axial) plane
A longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and is not parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal plane.
Oblique Plane
used in orthodontics and cranial topography to measure and locate specific cranial points or structures.
Frankfort horizontal plane
This horizontal plane is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed (used as a reference plane of the head for cervical spine and skull radiography).
Occlusal Plane
Refers to the back half of the patient, or the part of the body seen when the person is viewed from the back; includes the bottoms of the feet and the backs of the hands as demonstrated in the anatomic position
Posterior/Dorsal
Refers to front half of the patient, or the part seen when viewed from the front; includes the tops of the feet and the fronts or palms of the hands in the anatomic position.
Anterior/Ventral
refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot.
Plantar
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot (dorsum pedis).
Foot Dorsal
‒ Refers to the palm of the hand; in the anatomic position, the same as the anterior or ventral surface of the hand.
Palmar
is a positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient, projecting an image onto the IR.
Projection
‒ Lying on back,facing upward.
Supine
‒ Lying on abdomen, facing downward (head may be turned to one side)
Prone
‒ An upright position, to stand or sit
Erect (upright)
Lying down in any position (prone,supine,oronside)
Recumbent (reclining)
: Lying on back (supine).
Dorsal Recumbent
Lying face down (prone).
Ventral Recumbent
Lying on side (right or left lateral).
• Lateral recumbent
‒ A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet.
Trendelenburg Position
‒ A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet .
Fowler Position
‒ A recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back.
Sims position (semiprone position)
used for insertion of the rectal tube for barium enema.
modified Sims position
‒ A recumbent (supine) position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports.
Lithotomy position
‒ This position is seen frequently in the surgical suite for certain urinary studies.
Lithotomy Position
Anatomic Position
- An upright position
- Arms abducted slightly (down)
- Hands by side with palms forward
- Head and feet together and directed straight ahead
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
1.Position of body part and alignment with the IR and CR
2. Application of radiation protection measures and devices
3. Selection of exposure factors (radiographic technique).
4. Instructions to the patient related to respiration (breathing) and initiation of the x-ray exposure
5. Processing of the IR (film-based [chemical processing] or computed radiography image receptor [digital processing] systems)
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
1.Position of body part and alignment with the IR and CR
2. Application of radiation protection measures and devices
3. Selection of exposure factors (radiographic technique).
4. Instructions to the patient related to respiration (breathing) and initiation of the x-ray exposure
5. Processing of the IR (film-based [chemical processing] or computed radiography image receptor [digital processing] systems)
refers to the side of, or a side view.
Lateral position
refers to the side of, or a side view.
Lateral position
A true lateral position is always __
, or perpendicular, or at a right angle, to a true AP or PA projection.
90°
Refers to an angled position in which
neither the sagittal nor the coronal body
plane is perpendicular or at a right angle
to the IR.
Oblique Position
• Describe the specific oblique positions
in which the left or right posterior
aspect of the body is closest to the IR.
Left and Right Posterior Oblique
These also can be referred to as AP oblique projections because the CR enters an anterior surface and exits
posteriorly.
Left and Right Posterior Oblique
Refer to oblique positions in which the
right or left anterior aspect of the
body is closest to the IR and can be
erect or recumbent general body
positions.
Right and Left Anterior Oblique
• Means to “lie down,” or the position assumed in “lying
down.”
Decubitus (decub) position
This body position, meaning to lie on a horizontal surface, is designated according to the surface on which the body is resting.
Decubitus (decub)
This term describes a patient who is lying on one of the following body surfaces: back (dorsal), front (ventral), or
side (right or left lateral).
Decubitus (decub)
are essential for detecting air-fluid levels or free air in a body cavity such as the chest or abdomen, where the air rises to the uppermost part of the
body cavity.
Decubitus positions
are often performed if the patient
cannot assume erect position.
Decubitus positions
The patient lies on the side, and the
x-ray beam is directed horizontally
from anterior to posterior (AP) or
from posterior to anterior (PA).
Right or Left Lateral Decubitus
-AP or PA Projection
The patient is lying on the dorsal
(posterior) surface with the x-ray
beam directed horizontally, exiting
from the side closest to the IR.
Dorsal Decubitus Position
-Left or Right Lateral
The patient is lying on the ventral
(anterior) surface with the x-ray
beam directed horizontally, exiting
from the side closest to the IR.
Ventral Decubitus Position
-Right or Left Lateral
Refers to the long axis of a
structure or part (around which a
rotating body turns or is
arranged).
Axial Projection
In radiographic positioning, the
term ___ is used to describe any
angle of the CR of 10° or more
along the long axis of the body or
body part.
axial
The term _____, or ______, more accurately describes
any angle along the axis that is
not truly perpendicular or parallel
to the long axis.
semiaxial, “partly”
axial
are frequently performed for the
shoulder and hip, where the CR
enters below or inferiorly and exits
above or superiorly.
Inferosuperior axial projections
means touching a curve or surface at only one point.
Tangential
This is a special use of the term
projection to describe the central ray
that skims a body part to project the
anatomy into profile and free of
superimposition of surrounding body
structures.
Tangential Projection
• It also is called the AP lordotic
position.
AP Axial Projection
• A lateral projection through the
thorax.
Transthoracic Lateral Projection
Requires a qualifying positioning
term (right or left lateral position) to
indicate which shoulder is closest to
the IR and is being examined.
Transthoracic Lateral Projection
Requires a qualifying positioning
term (right or left lateral position) to
indicate which shoulder is closest to
the IR and is being examined.
Transthoracic Lateral Projection
• These are secondary terms for AP
or PA projections of the foot.
Dorsoplantar and Plantodorsal Projections
describes the path of the CR from the dorsal (anterior) surface to the plantar
(posterior) surface of the foot.
Dorsoplantar (DP)
• A special plantodorsal projection of
the heel bone (calcaneus) is called an
axial ____ because the angled CR enters the plantar surface of the foot and exits
the dorsal surface.
plantodorsal projection (PD)
• A special plantodorsal projection of
the heel bone (calcaneus) is called an
axial ____ because the angled CR enters the plantar surface of the foot and exits
the dorsal surface.
plantodorsal projection (PD)
• The CR enters at the cranial parietal
bone and exits at the acanthion
(junction of nose and upper lip) for
the parietoacanthial projection.
Parietoacanthial & Acanthioparietal Projections
• These are also known as PA Waters
and AP reverse Waters methods
and are used to visualize the facial
bones.
Parietoacanthial & Acanthioparietal Projections
• These projections are used for the
skull and mandible.
Submentovertical (SMV) & Verticosubmental (VSM) Projections
• The less common, opposite
projection of this would be the
____ projection, entering at the top of
the skull and exiting below the
mandible.
verticosubmental (VSM)
• In the anatomic position, the
____ aspect of any body part is
the “inside” part closest to the
median plane, and the ____ part
is away from the center, or away
from the median plane or midline
of the body
medial, lateral
is near the source or beginning
Proximal
is away from.
distal
means toward the head end of the body
Cephalad
means away from the head end of the body.
caudad
is any angle toward the head end of the body.
cephalad angle
is any angle toward the feet or away from the head end.
caudad angle
is inside of something, nearer to the center
Interior
is situated on or near the outside.
exterior
‒ means within or inside
Intra
‒ means situated between things
Inter
‒ means outside or outward
Exo
is nearer the skin
surface
Superficial
is farther away.
deep
is on the same side of the body or part
Ipsilateral
is on the opposite side.
contralateral
decreases the angle of the joint
Flexion
increases the angle as the
body part moves from a flexed to a
straightened position.
Extension
• Extending a joint beyond the straight
or neutral position.
Hypertension
• An ____of the wrist is
required for a special tangential
projection for a carpal bridge
projection of the posterior aspect of
the wrist.
acute or full flexion
literally means “to turn
aside” or “to turn away from the
standard or course.
Deviation
is to turn or bend the
hand and wrist from the natural
position toward the ulnar side
Ulnar deviation
is toward the radial side of the wrist.
radial deviation
‒ To decrease the angle (flex)
between the dorsum (top of foot)
and the lower leg, moving foot and
toes upward.
Dorsiflexion of foot
‒ Extending the ankle joint, moving
foot and toes downward from the
normal position; flexing or
decreasing the angle toward the
plantar (posterior) surface of the
foot
Plantar Flexion of Foot
is an outward stress
movement of the foot at the ankle
joint.
Eversion
is inward stress movement
of the foot as applied to the foot
without rotation of the leg.
Inversion
describes an abnormal position
in which a part or limb is forced
outward from the midline of the body.
Valgus
• Sometimes is used to describe
eversion stress of the ankle joint.
Valgus
describes an abnormal position
in which a part or limb is forced inward
toward the midline of the body.
Varus
• The term ____ stress sometimes is
used to describe inversion stress
applied at the ankle joint.
varus
is a rotation or turning
of a body part with movement of the
anterior aspect of the part toward the
inside, or median, plane.
Medial rotation
is a rotation of an
anterior body part toward the outside,
or away from the median plane
Lateral rotation
is the lateral movement of
the arm or leg away from the body.
Abduction
is a movement of arm or leg
toward the body, to draw toward a
center or medial line.
Adduction
is a rotational movement
of the hand into the anatomic position
(palm up in supine position or forward
in erect position).
Supination
is a rotation of the hand into
the opposite of the anatomic position
(palm down or back)
Pronation
is a movement forward
from a normal position.
Protraction
is a movement backward or
the condition of being drawn back
Retraction
is a lifting, raising, or moving
of a part superiorly.
Elevation
is a letting down, lowering,
or moving of a part inferiorly.
Depression
means to move around
in the form of a circle.
Circumduction
• This term describes sequential
movements of flexion, abduction,
extension, and adduction, resulting in
a cone-type movement at any joint
where the four movements are
possible (e.g., fingers, wrist, arm, leg).
Circumduction
is to turn or rotate a body part
on its axis.
Rotate
is a slanting or tilting movement
with respect to the long axis.
Tilt
is a term that is used to indicate the patient’s general physical position, such as supine, prone, recumbent, or erect.
Position
• The term position should be
“restricted to discussion of the patient’s physical position.”
is a correct positioning term that describes or refers to the path or direction of the central ray (CR),
projecting an image onto an image receptor (IR).
Projection
is a correct positioning term that describes or refers to the path or direction of the central ray (CR),
projecting an image onto an image receptor (IR).
Projection
• The term projection should be
“restricted to discussion of
the path of the central ray.
• Describes the body part as seen by the IR or other recording medium, such as a fluoroscopic screen.
View
• In the United States, the term view should be
restricted to discussion of a radiograph or image
• The goal of every technologist
should be to take not just a
________ radiograph but rather
an _______ that can be
evaluated by a definable
standard, as described under
evaluation criteria.
“passable” , optimal one
• A minimum of two types of
markers should be imprinted on
every radiographic image.
• These are:
1. Patient identification
2. Anatomic side markers
are used for special comparison PA
projections of the chest.
Inspiration (INSP) and expiration
(EXP) markers
An _______ marker must also be used to identify erect chest or abdomen
positions compared with
recumbent, in addition to an
arrow indicating which side is up.
“upright” or “erect”
• Topographic landmarks can be located by a process referred to as
palpation
Other term for the palmar surface of the hand
Volar
