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biochem > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main nucleotides

A

amino acids
nucleotides
simple sugars
fatty acids

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2
Q

define in vitro

A

outside a living cell

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3
Q

define enzyme

A

proteins that catalyze reactions

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4
Q

define catalyst

A

biomolecules that catalyze the rate of reaction

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5
Q

what are enzymes responsible for

A

digestion
fermentation
metabolism
apoptosis
biofuel production

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6
Q

define ribozymes

A

catalytic RNA

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7
Q

life is ________ based

A

carbon

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8
Q

what are the major essential elements

A

carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
hydrogen
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
chlorine
sodium
magnesium

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9
Q

what are the trace elements

A

manganese
iron
cobalt
zinc
copper
selenium
iodine
fluorine
chromium
tin
molybdenum

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10
Q

define essential ions

A

small amounts used for signaling and neurophysiology
Ca
Cl
Mg
K
Na

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11
Q

rotation around a single bond is ______
rotation around a double bond is ______

A

easy
impossible

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12
Q

name and describe the biochemicals

A

amino acids- carboxyl group and nitrogen group
nucleotide- acid+base
sugar- carbohydrates
fatty acids- charged head and hydrophobic tail

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13
Q

describe amino acids
-creates
-identity

A

builds proteins
identified by side chain
contains amino and carboxyl terminuses, a-carbon, and a side chain

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14
Q

describe nucleotides

A

creates dna/rna
contains a nitrogenous base, 5-C ring, and a 1,3phosphate group
linked by phosphodiester bonds

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15
Q

describe simple sugars

A

2H:1O
forms polysaccharides
linked by glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

describe fatty acids

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
forms membranes
stores energy

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17
Q

what are macromolecules

A

functional units

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18
Q

define polymer

A

many units of monomers covalently linked

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19
Q

describe proteins

A

workhorse for life
does nearly everything (enzymes, antibodies, transports, structural and signaling

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20
Q

define polypeptide

A

covalently linked amino acids
used condensation dehydration synthesis reaction

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21
Q

how are amino acids read

A

from the N-terminus to the C-terminus

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22
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA: double helix/T/DEoxy/H2 at 2’
RNA: single helix/U/oxy/OH at 2’

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23
Q

where are nucleotides added

A

the 3’ end

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24
Q

what are polysacchrides

A

complex carbs

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25
Q

what do polysacchrides aid with

A

structure, biomarkers, and energy

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26
Q

define metabolic pathway

A

allows cells to coordinate and control complex biochem processes in response to available energy, such as homeostasis

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27
Q

define metabolite

A

small biomolecules that can be reactants or products in a reaction

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28
Q

define metabolic influx

A

rate reactants and products are interconverted in a metabolic pathway

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29
Q

describe a prokaryotic cell

A

contains falgellum/pili
capsule
cell wall
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleoid
chromosome
DNA/plasmid
DNA/ribosomes

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30
Q

describe eukaryotic

A

cytoskeleton
microtubules/cell walls
cellulose/cell membrane/cytoplasm
mitochondria
lysosomes
ER
golgi apparatus
chloroplast
chlorophyll
metabolite storage
mucleus
chromatin
genome
DNA
ribosomes

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31
Q

how do cells communicate

A

receptor proteins

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32
Q

how are receptor proteins activated

A

ligand

33
Q

define redox reaction

A

converts redox energy to chemical energy

34
Q

define oxidation

A

loss of electrons

35
Q

define reduction

A

gain of electrons

36
Q

describe chemical energy

A

osmosis
pathways
mechanical work

37
Q

define system

A

what is being studied

38
Q

define surroundings

A

everything outside that box

39
Q

define open

A

matter and energy freely exchange with surroundings

40
Q

define closed

A

only energy is exchanged with the surroundings

41
Q

define isolated

A

neither matter nor energy is exchanged with the surroundings

42
Q

what is enthalpy

A

heat content (H)

43
Q

describe exothermic

A

releases heat
enthalpy is negative

44
Q

describe endothermic

A

absorbs heat
enthalpy is positive

45
Q

what happens as entropy increases

A

energy input decreases

46
Q

define entropy

A

dispersion of energy

47
Q

describe homeostasis

A

the perfect state
highly ordered
decreased entropy and increased enthalpy
requires energy
maintained by living organisms

48
Q

describe equilibrium

A

matching state
less ordered
no energy needed
macromolecules equilibrate surroundings

49
Q

define gibbs free energy

A

difference between entropy and enthalpy
measured in two different states

50
Q

describe exergonic

A

G is negative
forward rxn
favorable/spontaneous

51
Q

endergonic

A

G is positive
reverse rxn
unfavorable/nonspontaneous

52
Q

Keq=1

A

neither products or reactants form

53
Q

Keq>1

A

products form

54
Q

Keq<1

A

reactants form

55
Q

define coupled rxn

A

common intermediate between rxns to get a favorable net rxn

56
Q

define energy charge

A

measures energy state of cell

57
Q

define and describe catabolic

A

break down
generate ATP
reduce coenzymes
ernergy must be low (rich to poor)

58
Q

define and describe anabolic

A

build up
uses ATP
energy is high
produces large biomolecules from small biomolecules

59
Q

describe water

A

makes up 70% of a cell
less dense as a solid
excellent solvent because of hydrogen bonding

60
Q

define solubility

A

ability to dissolve homogeneously into a solvent

61
Q

define ionic bonds

A

between opposite charged ions like NaCl

62
Q

what are hydrogen donors

A

OH, NH, SH

63
Q

what are hydrogen acceptors

A

oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and flourine

64
Q

describe van der waals interaction

A

temporary dipoles form on neutral molecules

65
Q

where do hydrophobic regions cluster?

A

away from water

66
Q

what do hydrophobic regions aid in

A

protein folding, complexation, and membrane forming

67
Q

define osmotic pressure

A

amount of pressure needed to counteract osmosis

68
Q

what do weak acids and conjugate bases do

A

partially ionize

69
Q

what is acid strength determined by

A

Ka

70
Q

define pKa

A

point of protonation or deprotonation

71
Q

describe a strong acid

A

ionized completely
lower pKa
lower HA
higher H+
lower A-

72
Q

describe weak acids

A

partially ionized
lower Ka
higher pKa
higher HA
lower H+
higher A-

73
Q

what does henerson-hasselbalch do

A

interconverts pH and pKa

74
Q

define and describe monoprotic acid

A

1 level titration curve
dissociable proton
pKa will (de)protonate

75
Q

define and describe polyprotic acid

A

multiple level titration
2+ dissociable protons
each proton has own pKa

76
Q

what is a buffer

A

a weak acid/base pair that resists the changes in pH

77
Q

what is the range of a buffer

A

1 unit both above and below

78
Q

what are membranes

A

physical barriers
a bilayer

biochem (11 decks)

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