quiz 1 Flashcards by Lila Mc

what are the four main nucleotides

amino acids
nucleotides
simple sugars
fatty acids

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define in vitro

outside a living cell

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define enzyme

proteins that catalyze reactions

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define catalyst

biomolecules that catalyze the rate of reaction

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what are enzymes responsible for

digestion
fermentation
metabolism
apoptosis
biofuel production

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define ribozymes

catalytic RNA

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life is ________ based

carbon

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what are the major essential elements

carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
hydrogen
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
chlorine
sodium
magnesium

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what are the trace elements

manganese
iron
cobalt
zinc
copper
selenium
iodine
fluorine
chromium
tin
molybdenum

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define essential ions

small amounts used for signaling and neurophysiology
Ca
Cl
Mg
K
Na

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rotation around a single bond is ______
rotation around a double bond is ______

easy
impossible

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name and describe the biochemicals

amino acids- carboxyl group and nitrogen group
nucleotide- acid+base
sugar- carbohydrates
fatty acids- charged head and hydrophobic tail

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describe amino acids
-creates
-identity

builds proteins
identified by side chain
contains amino and carboxyl terminuses, a-carbon, and a side chain

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describe nucleotides

creates dna/rna
contains a nitrogenous base, 5-C ring, and a 1,3phosphate group
linked by phosphodiester bonds

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describe simple sugars

2H:1O
forms polysaccharides
linked by glycosidic bonds

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describe fatty acids

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
forms membranes
stores energy

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what are macromolecules

functional units

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define polymer

many units of monomers covalently linked

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describe proteins

workhorse for life
does nearly everything (enzymes, antibodies, transports, structural and signaling

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define polypeptide

covalently linked amino acids
used condensation dehydration synthesis reaction

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how are amino acids read

from the N-terminus to the C-terminus

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DNA vs. RNA

DNA: double helix/T/DEoxy/H2 at 2’
RNA: single helix/U/oxy/OH at 2’

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where are nucleotides added

the 3’ end

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what are polysacchrides

complex carbs

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what do polysacchrides aid with

structure, biomarkers, and energy

define metabolic pathway

allows cells to coordinate and control complex biochem processes in response to available energy, such as homeostasis

define metabolite

small biomolecules that can be reactants or products in a reaction

define metabolic influx

rate reactants and products are interconverted in a metabolic pathway

describe a prokaryotic cell

contains falgellum/pili capsule cell wall plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleoid chromosome DNA/plasmid DNA/ribosomes

describe eukaryotic

cytoskeleton microtubules/cell walls cellulose/cell membrane/cytoplasm mitochondria lysosomes ER golgi apparatus chloroplast chlorophyll metabolite storage mucleus chromatin genome DNA ribosomes

how do cells communicate

receptor proteins

how are receptor proteins activated

ligand

define redox reaction

converts redox energy to chemical energy

define oxidation

loss of electrons

define reduction

gain of electrons

describe chemical energy

osmosis pathways mechanical work

define system

what is being studied

define surroundings

everything outside that box

define open

matter and energy freely exchange with surroundings

define closed

only energy is exchanged with the surroundings

define isolated

neither matter nor energy is exchanged with the surroundings

what is enthalpy

heat content (H)

describe exothermic

releases heat enthalpy is negative

describe endothermic

absorbs heat enthalpy is positive

what happens as entropy increases

energy input decreases

define entropy

dispersion of energy

describe homeostasis

the perfect state highly ordered decreased entropy and increased enthalpy requires energy maintained by living organisms

describe equilibrium

matching state less ordered no energy needed macromolecules equilibrate surroundings

define gibbs free energy

difference between entropy and enthalpy measured in two different states

describe exergonic

G is negative forward rxn favorable/spontaneous

endergonic

G is positive reverse rxn unfavorable/nonspontaneous

Keq=1

neither products or reactants form

Keq>1

products form

Keq<1

reactants form

define coupled rxn

common intermediate between rxns to get a favorable net rxn

define energy charge

measures energy state of cell

define and describe catabolic

break down generate ATP reduce coenzymes ernergy must be low (rich to poor)

define and describe anabolic

build up uses ATP energy is high produces large biomolecules from small biomolecules

describe water

makes up 70% of a cell less dense as a solid excellent solvent because of hydrogen bonding

define solubility

ability to dissolve homogeneously into a solvent

define ionic bonds

between opposite charged ions like NaCl

what are hydrogen donors

OH, NH, SH

what are hydrogen acceptors

oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and flourine

describe van der waals interaction

temporary dipoles form on neutral molecules

where do hydrophobic regions cluster?

away from water

what do hydrophobic regions aid in

protein folding, complexation, and membrane forming

define osmotic pressure

amount of pressure needed to counteract osmosis

what do weak acids and conjugate bases do

partially ionize

what is acid strength determined by

define pKa

point of protonation or deprotonation

describe a strong acid

ionized completely lower pKa lower HA higher H+ lower A-

describe weak acids

partially ionized lower Ka higher pKa higher HA lower H+ higher A-

what does henerson-hasselbalch do

interconverts pH and pKa

define and describe monoprotic acid

1 level titration curve dissociable proton pKa will (de)protonate

define and describe polyprotic acid

multiple level titration 2+ dissociable protons each proton has own pKa

what is a buffer

a weak acid/base pair that resists the changes in pH

what is the range of a buffer

1 unit both above and below

what are membranes

physical barriers a bilayer