quiz 1 Flashcards
what are the four main nucleotides
amino acids
nucleotides
simple sugars
fatty acids
define in vitro
outside a living cell
define enzyme
proteins that catalyze reactions
define catalyst
biomolecules that catalyze the rate of reaction
what are enzymes responsible for
digestion
fermentation
metabolism
apoptosis
biofuel production
define ribozymes
catalytic RNA
life is ________ based
carbon
what are the major essential elements
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
hydrogen
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
chlorine
sodium
magnesium
what are the trace elements
manganese
iron
cobalt
zinc
copper
selenium
iodine
fluorine
chromium
tin
molybdenum
define essential ions
small amounts used for signaling and neurophysiology
Ca
Cl
Mg
K
Na
rotation around a single bond is ______
rotation around a double bond is ______
easy
impossible
name and describe the biochemicals
amino acids- carboxyl group and nitrogen group
nucleotide- acid+base
sugar- carbohydrates
fatty acids- charged head and hydrophobic tail
describe amino acids
-creates
-identity
builds proteins
identified by side chain
contains amino and carboxyl terminuses, a-carbon, and a side chain
describe nucleotides
creates dna/rna
contains a nitrogenous base, 5-C ring, and a 1,3phosphate group
linked by phosphodiester bonds
describe simple sugars
2H:1O
forms polysaccharides
linked by glycosidic bonds
describe fatty acids
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
forms membranes
stores energy
what are macromolecules
functional units
define polymer
many units of monomers covalently linked
describe proteins
workhorse for life
does nearly everything (enzymes, antibodies, transports, structural and signaling
define polypeptide
covalently linked amino acids
used condensation dehydration synthesis reaction
how are amino acids read
from the N-terminus to the C-terminus
DNA vs. RNA
DNA: double helix/T/DEoxy/H2 at 2’
RNA: single helix/U/oxy/OH at 2’
where are nucleotides added
the 3’ end
what are polysacchrides
complex carbs
what do polysacchrides aid with
structure, biomarkers, and energy
define metabolic pathway
allows cells to coordinate and control complex biochem processes in response to available energy, such as homeostasis
define metabolite
small biomolecules that can be reactants or products in a reaction
define metabolic influx
rate reactants and products are interconverted in a metabolic pathway
describe a prokaryotic cell
contains falgellum/pili
capsule
cell wall
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleoid
chromosome
DNA/plasmid
DNA/ribosomes
describe eukaryotic
cytoskeleton
microtubules/cell walls
cellulose/cell membrane/cytoplasm
mitochondria
lysosomes
ER
golgi apparatus
chloroplast
chlorophyll
metabolite storage
mucleus
chromatin
genome
DNA
ribosomes
how do cells communicate
receptor proteins
how are receptor proteins activated
ligand
define redox reaction
converts redox energy to chemical energy
define oxidation
loss of electrons
define reduction
gain of electrons
describe chemical energy
osmosis
pathways
mechanical work
define system
what is being studied
define surroundings
everything outside that box
define open
matter and energy freely exchange with surroundings
define closed
only energy is exchanged with the surroundings
define isolated
neither matter nor energy is exchanged with the surroundings
what is enthalpy
heat content (H)
describe exothermic
releases heat
enthalpy is negative
describe endothermic
absorbs heat
enthalpy is positive
what happens as entropy increases
energy input decreases
define entropy
dispersion of energy
describe homeostasis
the perfect state
highly ordered
decreased entropy and increased enthalpy
requires energy
maintained by living organisms
describe equilibrium
matching state
less ordered
no energy needed
macromolecules equilibrate surroundings
define gibbs free energy
difference between entropy and enthalpy
measured in two different states
describe exergonic
G is negative
forward rxn
favorable/spontaneous
endergonic
G is positive
reverse rxn
unfavorable/nonspontaneous
Keq=1
neither products or reactants form
Keq>1
products form
Keq<1
reactants form
define coupled rxn
common intermediate between rxns to get a favorable net rxn
define energy charge
measures energy state of cell
define and describe catabolic
break down
generate ATP
reduce coenzymes
ernergy must be low (rich to poor)
define and describe anabolic
build up
uses ATP
energy is high
produces large biomolecules from small biomolecules
describe water
makes up 70% of a cell
less dense as a solid
excellent solvent because of hydrogen bonding
define solubility
ability to dissolve homogeneously into a solvent
define ionic bonds
between opposite charged ions like NaCl
what are hydrogen donors
OH, NH, SH
what are hydrogen acceptors
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and flourine
describe van der waals interaction
temporary dipoles form on neutral molecules
where do hydrophobic regions cluster?
away from water
what do hydrophobic regions aid in
protein folding, complexation, and membrane forming
define osmotic pressure
amount of pressure needed to counteract osmosis
what do weak acids and conjugate bases do
partially ionize
what is acid strength determined by
Ka
define pKa
point of protonation or deprotonation
describe a strong acid
ionized completely
lower pKa
lower HA
higher H+
lower A-
describe weak acids
partially ionized
lower Ka
higher pKa
higher HA
lower H+
higher A-
what does henerson-hasselbalch do
interconverts pH and pKa
define and describe monoprotic acid
1 level titration curve
dissociable proton
pKa will (de)protonate
define and describe polyprotic acid
multiple level titration
2+ dissociable protons
each proton has own pKa
what is a buffer
a weak acid/base pair that resists the changes in pH
what is the range of a buffer
1 unit both above and below
what are membranes
physical barriers
a bilayer
