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biochem > end exam 2 > Flashcards

end exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define glycolysis

A

the split of 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate

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2
Q

what does glucose look like

A

C6H12O6

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3
Q

define flux

A

how things flow

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of flux

A

influx
efflux

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5
Q

what is flux controlled by

A

enzyme activity and substrate levels

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6
Q

what are simple sugars

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

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7
Q

how does the sweet taste occur

A

from binding to GPCRs on the tongue

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of monosaccharides

A

aldose
ketose

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9
Q

define enantiomers

A

mirror images that are not superimposable (ie: hands)
chiral with no plane of symmetry

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10
Q

what is the difference between D and L enantiomers

A

d- right handed
l- left handed

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11
Q

what determines the enantriomeric configuration

A

the chiral C furthest away from the carbonyl carbon

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12
Q

define cyclization

A

5-7 C monosaccharides are stable in aqueous solutions as cyclic structures

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13
Q

how are rings formed

A

by linking carbonyl with hydroxyl

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14
Q

define anomers

A

differ by anomeric carbons

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15
Q

define anomeric carbons

A

carbonyl carbon of sugar

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16
Q

what anomer has OH going down? up?

A

alpha
beta

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17
Q

describe reducing

A

has at least 1 reducing end
often an aldehyde
open chain form is required for reduction
free anomeric C

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18
Q

describe non-reducing

A

can not reduce oxidizing agents
no free anomeric C
anomeric C canā€™t be isomerize into an aldehyde

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

draw glucose, galactose, and fructose

A
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21
Q

what is the net rxn for glycolysis

A

glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi <ā€”> 2 pyruvate + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

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22
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

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23
Q

how many ATP are created from one glucose

A

32

24
Q

which steps of glycolysis are irreversible

A

1, 3, and 10

25
Q

define kinase

A

transfers phosphate group using ATP

26
Q

define isomerase

A

makes isomers

27
Q

define phosphatase

A

removed phosphate group without ATP and releases an inorganic phosphate (Pi)

28
Q

step one
substrates:
products:
enzyme:
other:

A
  1. glucose, ATP
  2. glucose-6-phosphate, ADP
  3. hexo/glucokinase
  4. ATP is consumed
29
Q

step 2
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. glucose-6-phosphate
  2. fructose-6-phosphate
  3. phosphoglucose isomerase
  4. carbonyl moves from C1 to C2
30
Q

step 3
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. fructose-6-phosphate, ATP
  2. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, ADP
  3. phosphofructokinase-1
  4. most important step
    consumes 1 ATP
    rate limiting step
31
Q

EC=

A

([ATP]+0.5[ADP])/[ATP+ADP+AMP]

32
Q

step 4
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  3. aldolase
33
Q

step 5
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  2. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  3. triose phosphate isomerase
34
Q

step 6
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. (2x) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, NAD+, Pi
  2. (2x) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, NADH, H+
  3. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  4. coupled with step 7
35
Q

step 7
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. (2x) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, ADP
  2. (2x) 3-phosphoglycerate, ATP
  3. phosphoglycerate kinase
  4. 2 ATP produces
36
Q

step 8
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. (2x) 3-phosphoglycerate
  2. (2x) 2-phosphoglycerate
  3. phosphoglycerate mutase
  4. shifts phosphate from C3 to C2
37
Q

step 9
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. (2x) 2-phosphoglycerate
  2. (2x) phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP), H2O
  3. enolase
  4. dehydration rxn
38
Q

step 10
1. sub
2. prod
3. enzyme
4. other

A
  1. (2x) PEP,ADP
  2. (2x) pyruvate, ATP
  3. pyruvate kinase
  4. 2 ATP produced
39
Q

describe hexokinase

A

less specific
small Km
high BA
inhibited by G6P

40
Q

describe glucokinase

A

specific to glucose
large Km
small BA
not inhibited by G6P
excess flows to liver and creates a sink

41
Q

describe glucokinase in pancreatic B cells

A
  1. glc imported by GLUT 2
  2. glycolysis flux and ATP increases
  3. increased ATP inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels
  4. membrane depolarization
  5. activation of voltage-gated Ca2+
  6. insulin vesicles fuse w membrane
  7. insulin releases
42
Q

what does PFK-1 do

A

controls glycolytic flux

43
Q

what does PFK-1 do

A

controls glycolytic flux

44
Q

what are the activators for PFK1

A

AMP, ADP, F2,6BP

45
Q

what are the inhibitors for PFK1

A

ATP, citrate, PEP

46
Q

what does increased energy cause

A

more ATP, T state is dominant and therefore inactive

47
Q

what does decreased energy cause

A

more AMP and ADP, R state is dominant and therefor active

48
Q

what breaks down glycosidic bonds

A

glycosidase

49
Q

define glycosidase

A

cleaves glycosidic bonds

50
Q

define galactosemia

A

defect in G-1-P uridylyltransferase
damages liver in infants

51
Q

what do intermediates do

A

creates a carbon backbone used to synthesize essential bio compounds

52
Q

what do intermediates do

A

creates a carbon backbone used to synthesize essential bio compounds

53
Q

describe the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions

A

lactic acid formation
alcohol fermentation

54
Q

describe the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions

A

CO2+H2O productikn

55
Q

describe the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic and aerobic conditions

A

regenerates NAD+

biochem (11 decks)

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