end exam 2

Question 1

define glycolysis

Answer 1

the split of 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate

Question 2

what does glucose look like

Answer 2

C6H12O6

Question 3

define flux

Answer 3

how things flow

Question 4

what are the 2 types of flux

Answer 4

influx
efflux

Question 5

what is flux controlled by

Answer 5

enzyme activity and substrate levels

Question 6

what are simple sugars

Answer 6

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 7

how does the sweet taste occur

Answer 7

from binding to GPCRs on the tongue

Question 8

what are the 2 types of monosaccharides

Answer 8

aldose
ketose

Question 9

define enantiomers

Answer 9

mirror images that are not superimposable (ie: hands)
chiral with no plane of symmetry

Question 10

what is the difference between D and L enantiomers

Answer 10

d- right handed
l- left handed

Question 11

what determines the enantriomeric configuration

Answer 11

the chiral C furthest away from the carbonyl carbon

Question 12

define cyclization

Answer 12

5-7 C monosaccharides are stable in aqueous solutions as cyclic structures

Question 13

how are rings formed

Answer 13

by linking carbonyl with hydroxyl

Question 14

define anomers

Answer 14

differ by anomeric carbons

Question 15

define anomeric carbons

Answer 15

carbonyl carbon of sugar

Question 16

what anomer has OH going down? up?

Answer 16

alpha
beta

Question 17

describe reducing

Answer 17

has at least 1 reducing end
often an aldehyde
open chain form is required for reduction
free anomeric C

Question 18

describe non-reducing

Answer 18

can not reduce oxidizing agents
no free anomeric C
anomeric C can’t be isomerize into an aldehyde

Question 20

draw glucose, galactose, and fructose

Answer 20

Question 21

what is the net rxn for glycolysis

Answer 21

glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi <—> 2 pyruvate + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

Question 22

where does glycolysis take place

Answer 22

cytosol

Question 23

how many ATP are created from one glucose

Answer 23

32

Question 24

which steps of glycolysis are irreversible

Answer 24

1, 3, and 10

Question 25

define kinase

Answer 25

transfers phosphate group using ATP

Question 26

define isomerase

Answer 26

makes isomers

Question 27

define phosphatase

Answer 27

removed phosphate group without ATP and releases an inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Question 28

step one substrates: products: enzyme: other:

Answer 28

1. glucose, ATP 2. glucose-6-phosphate, ADP 3. hexo/glucokinase 4. ATP is consumed

Question 29

step 2 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 29

1. glucose-6-phosphate 2. fructose-6-phosphate 3. phosphoglucose isomerase 4. carbonyl moves from C1 to C2

Question 30

step 3 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 30

1. fructose-6-phosphate, ATP 2. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, ADP 3. phosphofructokinase-1 4. most important step consumes 1 ATP rate limiting step

Question 31

EC=

Answer 31

([ATP]+0.5[ADP])/[ATP+ADP+AMP]

Question 32

step 4 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 32

1. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 3. aldolase

Question 33

step 5 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 33

1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate 2. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 3. triose phosphate isomerase

Question 34

step 6 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 34

1. (2x) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, NAD+, Pi 2. (2x) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, NADH, H+ 3. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 4. coupled with step 7

Question 35

step 7 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 35

1. (2x) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, ADP 2. (2x) 3-phosphoglycerate, ATP 3. phosphoglycerate kinase 4. 2 ATP produces

Question 36

step 8 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 36

1. (2x) 3-phosphoglycerate 2. (2x) 2-phosphoglycerate 3. phosphoglycerate mutase 4. shifts phosphate from C3 to C2

Question 37

step 9 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 37

1. (2x) 2-phosphoglycerate 2. (2x) phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP), H2O 3. enolase 4. dehydration rxn

Question 38

step 10 1. sub 2. prod 3. enzyme 4. other

Answer 38

1. (2x) PEP,ADP 2. (2x) pyruvate, ATP 3. pyruvate kinase 4. 2 ATP produced

Question 39

describe hexokinase

Answer 39

less specific small Km high BA inhibited by G6P

Question 40

describe glucokinase

Answer 40

specific to glucose large Km small BA not inhibited by G6P excess flows to liver and creates a sink

Question 41

describe glucokinase in pancreatic B cells

Answer 41

1. glc imported by GLUT 2 2. glycolysis flux and ATP increases 3. increased ATP inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels 4. membrane depolarization 5. activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ 6. insulin vesicles fuse w membrane 7. insulin releases

Question 42

what does PFK-1 do

Answer 42

controls glycolytic flux

Question 43

what does PFK-1 do

Answer 43

controls glycolytic flux

Question 44

what are the activators for PFK1

Answer 44

AMP, ADP, F2,6BP

Question 45

what are the inhibitors for PFK1

Answer 45

ATP, citrate, PEP

Question 46

what does increased energy cause

Answer 46

more ATP, T state is dominant and therefore inactive

Question 47

what does decreased energy cause

Answer 47

more AMP and ADP, R state is dominant and therefor active

Question 48

what breaks down glycosidic bonds

Answer 48

glycosidase

Question 49

define glycosidase

Answer 49

cleaves glycosidic bonds

Question 50

define galactosemia

Answer 50

defect in G-1-P uridylyltransferase damages liver in infants

Question 51

what do intermediates do

Answer 51

creates a carbon backbone used to synthesize essential bio compounds

Question 52

what do intermediates do

Answer 52

creates a carbon backbone used to synthesize essential bio compounds

Question 53

describe the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions

Answer 53

lactic acid formation alcohol fermentation

Question 54

describe the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions

Answer 54

CO2+H2O productikn

Question 55

describe the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic and aerobic conditions

Answer 55

regenerates NAD+