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MedLabs - Micro 2 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some species of fungi associated with humans

A

Molds and yeasts

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2
Q

Meaning of Saprophytic

A

able to live on dead or decaying organic matter

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3
Q

How fungi acquire food and reproduce

A

acquire food by absorption, can reproduce sexually and/or asexually

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4
Q

What is a mold

A

Multicellular, filamentous form of fungi cosisting of thread-like filaments to form fuzzy colonies

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5
Q

What is a yeast

A

unicellular; produce circular, restricted, pasty or mucoid colonies

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6
Q

What does dimorphic mean

A

exhibit either a yeast or mold phase (may be temperature dependent)

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7
Q

What is a hyphae

A

Microscopic filaments (as in mold)

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8
Q

What is a mycelium

A

Network of hyphae; colony

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9
Q

Difference between Aerial mycelium and Vegatative mycelium

A

aerial mycelium grows above the substrate while vegitative mycelium grows within/below the substrate

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10
Q

What is a filamentous fungi

A

Mold

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11
Q

Types of septate seen in mold

A

septate and sparsely septate (frequent perpendicular cross-walls and infrequent perpendicular cross-walls)

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12
Q

difference between hyaline and dematiaceous pigmentation

A

Hyaline (nonpigmented hyphae) vs Dematiaceous (dark and pigmented hyphae; due to presence of melanin in the cell wall)

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13
Q

How Unicellular yeast reproduces

A

asexually (budding and binary fission) and sexually

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14
Q

What is Conidia

A

asexual spores

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15
Q

Role of conidia

A

Means of dispersal, or survival (dormant state)

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16
Q

How conidia can vary

A

vary in size, shape, and color; Unicellular or multicellular

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17
Q

What is the spectrum of mycotic disease

A

superficial, cutaneous, mucosal, systemic

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18
Q

How fungi are classified

A

traditionally botanic taxonomy or clinical microbiology groupings

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19
Q

Clinical microbiology groupings of fungal diseases (mycoses)

A

superficial, cutaneous, systemic, opportunistic

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20
Q

Superficial mycoses

A

confined to the outermost “dead” layer of the skin or hair

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21
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A

affects the keratinized layer of the skin,hair or nails

22
Q

systemic mycoses

A

affects the intenal organs or deep tissues of the body

23
Q

opportunistic mycoses

A

found primarily in immunocompromised persons; infections of a great variety of tissues

24
Q

How do opportunistic mycoses pose a significant diagnostic challenge

A

complexity of the patient population at risk and increasing array of fungi that can infect these individuals

25
Q

Superficial / cutaneous mode of transmission

A

person to person or from animal to human contact

26
Q

Subcutaneous mode of transmission

A

through the skin (trauma to the skin)

27
Q

Deep mycoses mode of transmission

A

Opportunistic growth in immunocompromised; inhalation of spores or in presence of intravenous devices

28
Q

Lab values to support bacterial pathogen

A

Increased WBC count, Neutrophils, marked increase in total protein, Marked decrease in glucose, CSF Lactate > 35 mg/dl

29
Q

Lab values to support viral pathogen

A

Increased WBC count, Lymphocytes, moderate increase in total protein, normal glucose, Lactate normal

30
Q

lab values to support fungal pathogen

A

Increased WBC, Lymphocytes and monocytes, mod-marked increase in total protein, normal to low glucose, lactate >25 mg/dl

31
Q

How specimens should be handled when processing

A

Specimens should be processed under a biological safety cabinet

32
Q

How saprobes can affect a specimen in the lab

A

They can be found in the air generally and can be transmitted to growing/testing mediums

33
Q

Spectrum of antifungal agents (broad v narrow)

A

Antifungal agents act on a spectrum of activity. Broad spectrum agents can be more broadly effective against many different organisms. Narrow spectrum agents are more specific and can be less intense

34
Q

difference between fungistatic and fungicidal

A

Both describe the activity of antifungal agents. One kills organisms while the other inhibits the growth of an organism (cidal, static)

35
Q

Fungistatic

A

Level of antifungal activity that inhibits the growth of an organism

36
Q

Fungicidal

A

the ability of antifungal agent to kill an organism in vitro or in vivo

37
Q

What would happen if you use 2 antifungal agents?

A

synergism or anagonism can occur. The antifungal agents can work together to beat the organism or they can inhibit the effectiveness of the agents

38
Q

What are systemically active agents

A

Systemically active agents work through the whole whole body to fight off the organism

39
Q

Polyene

A

Binds to ergosterol to destroy the integrity of the fungal cell membrane

40
Q

Azole

A

inhibits fungal enzyme lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, cell membrane synthesis of fungal cell

41
Q

Echinocandins

A

inhibits synthesis of 1,3 beta-glucans (constituent of fungal cell wall)

42
Q

Flucytosine

A

interferes with the synthesis of DNA,RNA and proteins (fluorouracil)

43
Q

Allyamines

A

inhibit enzyme squalene epoxidase, leads to a toxic amount of squalene in the fungal cell membrane

44
Q

difference between topical and systemic active agents

A

topical agents are used in the treatment of superficial, cutaneous and mucosal infections. Systemic is a more thorough infection of the body. Topical vs systemic therapy is dependent on status of host, type and extent of the infection, and location of the infection

45
Q

Development of antifungal resistance is due to

A

emergence of intrinsically resistant species or a gradual stepwise alteration of cellular strucutres or functions

46
Q

Mechanisms of antifungal resistance

A

Efflux pumps (reduces accumulation of drug), target alterations, overexpression of target

47
Q

Primary systemic pathogens

A

pathogens capable of initiating infection in a normal, apparently immunocompetent host

48
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

pathogens that only cause infection when there are disruptions in the protective barriers of the skin and mucous membranes or when defects in the host immune system allows them to penetrate, colonize and reproduce in the host (most fungi)

49
Q

Pathogenesis of Fungal disease

A

ability of pathogens to effect the body, primary systemic pathogens vs opportunitsic pathogens

50
Q

Saprobic phase

A

pathogens are found in soil or decaying vegetation which leads to the next phase that forms infectious airborne cells

51
Q

Parasitic phase

A

the pathogen has adapted ot growth at 37C and reproduces in host respiratory mucosa

MedLabs - Micro 2 (9 decks)

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