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Cardiovascular > Quick Ref. Pathology > Flashcards

Quick Ref. Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pancystolic (holosystolic) murmur best heard at the apex, often radiates to the left axilla.

A

Mitral regurgitation

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2
Q

Crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur heard best in the 2nd-3rd RIGHT interspace close to the sternum.

A

Aortic stenosis

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3
Q

Most common heart murmur. Late systolic murmur usually preceded by a mid-systolic click.

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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4
Q

Early diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left side of the sternum.

A

Pulmonic regurgitation

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5
Q

Late diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the lower left side of the sternum.

A

Tricuspid stenosis

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6
Q

Chromosome 22q11 deletion can cause what (2)?

A

Truncus arteriosus and Tetralogy of Fallot

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7
Q

Congenital rubella can cause (2)?

A

PDA or Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

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8
Q

Bicuspid aortic valve results from?

What heart murmur is associated with this?

A

Turner’s syndrome - in addition to coarctation of the aorta

Aortic regurgitation

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9
Q

Aortic insufficiency can arise from what syndrome?

A

Marfan

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10
Q

Rumbling late diastolic murmur with an opening snap? How is it heard best?? Head best along the apex of heart (4th stethoscope heart space)

A

Mitral stenosis

Heard better when Px is in left lateral decubitus position

Foco mitral

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11
Q

High-pitched diastolic murmur associated with a widened pulse pressure?

A

Aortic regurgitation

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12
Q

Crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur heard best in the 2nd-3rd LEFT interspace close to the sternum.

A

Pulmonic stenosis

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13
Q

Continuous machine like murmur occurring both in systole and diastole?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

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14
Q

Focal myocardial inflammation with multinucleate giant cells. Type of granuloma. Due to what infection?

A

Aschoff Bodies (rheumatic fever/ heart disease)

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15
Q

What murmur is being described: Holosystolic, loudest at apex, heard best at left lateral decubitus, and enhanced by squatting and expiration.

A

Mitral Regurgitation

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16
Q

What murmur is being described: Diastolic, heard best along the left sternal border, and is associated with widening of pulse pressure.

A

Aortic regurgitation

17
Q

What are the symptoms of left sided heart failure??

A

Pulmonary symptoms:

  • Dyspnea on exertion
  • Orthonea
  • Paroxomal nocturnal dyspnea
  • Pulmonary edema and maybe rales on exam
18
Q

CF: painful raised lesions on finger pads, fever, AKA-Osler nodes, is indicative of what?

A

Infective Endocarditis

19
Q

What are the most common causes for DIC?

A 
Stop making thrombi!!
Sepsis
Trauma
Obstetrics 
Pancreatitis 
Malignant neoplasm
Transfusions
20
Q

What is the MOST common coronary artery involved in thrombosis?

A

Left anterior descending

21
Q

What is the MC congenital heart anomaly?

A

Ventral septal defect (VSD)

22
Q

What heart sound is associated with dilated congestive heart failure?

A

Dilated congestive heart failure:

-S3 heart sound

23
Q

What heart sound is associated with chronic hypertension and stiffened L ventricle?

A

S4 heart sound

24
Q

When would you have wide splitting?

A

Pulmonic stenosis

Right bundle branch block

25
Q

What heart murmur is louder with Valsalva maneuver? Why?

A

Makes the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy louder because it increases intrathoracic pressure and thus reduces preload and afterload.

Usually, all other murmurs become quieter

26
Q

A 3 day old patient presents with a Holosystolic murmur loudest at the tricuspid region of the chest that gets louder with inspiration. What is the likely pathology?

A

VSD

27
Q

A 46 yo patient presents with a Holosystolic murmur loudest at the tricuspid region of the chest that gets louder with inspiration. What is the likely pathology? What is the likely cause??

A

Mitral regurgitation due to IV drug use that may cause endocarditis

28
Q

Pansystolic (holosystolic) murmur best heard along the left lower sternal border and generally radiates to the right lower sternal border. What murmur is this?

A

tricuspid regurgitation
Or
Ventricular septal defect

29
Q

56 YO hospitalized patient presents with acute onset of dyspnea, tachycardia, and confusion. What should your DX be until you can rule out/discard otherwise?

A

Pulmonary Embolism

30
Q

20 yo patient presents with rapid onset of sharp chest pain in association with dyspnea. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

31
Q

Patient presents with ST segment elevation only during brief episodes of chest pain. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Prinzmetal’s Angina

32
Q

Patient presents with sharp pain lasting hours to days and is somewhat relieved by sitting forward. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Pericarditis

33
Q

What are the symptoms seen in patients with right sided heart failure?

A

Right sided heart failure usually shows signs in the body, vs Left sided heart failure usually is seen with pulmonary symptoms.

Peripheral edema
    -pedal edema
    -pre-sacral edema 
Jugular Venous Distention
Hepatic congestion
34
Q

What is Beck’s Triad? What is it’s association?

A

Hypotension
Distended neck veins
Distant heart sounds

Associated with cardiac tamponade

35
Q

Patient presents with the following symptoms:
Hypotension
Increased venous pressure, JVD
Distant heart sounds
Increased heart rate
Pulsus Paradoxus (exaggerated decrease in the amplitude of the systolic BP during inspiration).

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Cardiac tamponade

36
Q

What is being described:
JVD during inspiration
Decreased capacity of RV
Associated with constructive pericarditis&raquo_space; tamponade

A

Kussmaul’s Sign

37
Q

What is being described:
Decreased SBP by more than 10mmHg during inspiration
Decreased capacity of LV
Associated with tamponade&raquo_space; constructive pericarditis

A

Pulsus paradoxus

38
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for rheumatic fever?

A 
J - joint pain
<3- pancarditis
N- nodules (skin, subcutaneous)
E- erythema marginatum 
S - syndenham chorea

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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