First Aid Cardio Flashcards
What structure gives rise to smooth muscle parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles?
Bulbus cordis
What structure gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Truncus arteriosus
What structure gives rise to trabeculated part of left and right atria?
Primitive atria
What structure gives rise to trabeculated part of left and right ventricles?
Primitive ventricle
What structure gives rise to the smooth part of the left atrium?
Primitive pulmonary vein
What structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
Left horn of sinus venous (SV)
What structure gives rise to the smooth part of right atrium?
Right horn of Sinus venosus
What structure gives rise to the Superior Vena Cava (SVC)?
Right common Cardinal vein, and right anterior Cardinal vein.
Primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity; begins in week 4 of gestation. Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what? As seen in Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia).
Dextrocardia
Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 3-8 Weeks
Yolk Sac
Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 6 Weeks - Birth
Liver
Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 10-28 Weeks
Spleen
Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 18 weeks - adult
Bone Marrow
Important fetal shunts: Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted via the ______ into the IVC to bypass the hepatic circulation.
Ductus venosus
Important fetal shunts: Most highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the _____, and pumped out the aorta to the head and body.
Foramen ovale
Where do most Ventricular Septal Defects occur? What occurs as a result of this defect? (Give 2 answers)
VSD most commonly occurs in the membranous septum. Defects: acyanotic at birth due to left-to-right shunt.
Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Umbilical vein
What structure is formed?
Ligamentum teres hepatis (contained in falciform ligament).
Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Umbilical arteries
What structure is formed?
Medial umbilical ligaments
Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Ductus arteriosus
What structure is formed?
Ligamentum arteriosum
Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Ductus venosus
What structure is formed?
Ligamentum venosum
Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Foramen ovale
What structure is formed?
Fossa ovalis
Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Allantois
What structure is formed?
Urachus-median umbilical ligament
The urachus is the part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus. Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant.
Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Notochord
What structure is formed?
Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc
SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by what vessel? Infarct may cause nodal dysfunction (bradycardia or heart block).
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
This vessel supplies the anterior 2/3s of the interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of left ventricle. Name that vessel:
Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
This vessel supplies the lateral and posterior walls of left ventricle, antes lateral papillary muscle. Name that vessel:
Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX)
Cardiac Output (CO) = ?
Stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR).
This vessel supplies posterior 1/3 of intervenous ulnar septum, posterior walls of ventricles, and posteromedial papillary muscle. Name the vessel:
Posterior descending/ interventricular artery (PDA)
Fick’s principle=
Rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)
Right (acute) marginal artery supplies what?
Right ventricle
What is the cause of the following? Aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, and advanced heart failure.
Decreased pulse pressure
- Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)=?
CO x TPR
- Mean Arterial pressure=?
2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
Pulse pressure=?
Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure is proportional to SV, inversely proportional to arterial compliance.
Stroke volume=?
EDV-ESV. –> end diastolic volume - end systolic v.
Ejection fraction (EF)= ?
SV/EDV = (EDV-ESV/EDV)
EF decrease in systolic heart failure; EF is normal in diastolic heart failure
What type of sounds describe the following: aortic/pulmonic regurgitation, mitral/tricuspid stenosis.
Diastolic heart sounds
What is the cause of the following? Aortic regurgitation, hyperthyroidism, arteriosclerosis, obstructive sleep apnea (increased sympathetic tone), exercise (transient).
Increase in pulse pressure
Starling curve: what occurs in the presence of catecholamines or digoxin?
Increase in contractility
Thus increase in CO or venous return
Starling curve: what occurs in the presence of beta-blockers, MI (loss of myocardium), calcium channel blockers, or dilated cardiomyopathy?
Decrease in contractility
In an EKG, what does a P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization.
In an EKG, what does a PR interval represent?
Conduction delay through AV node (normally
In an EKG, what does a QRS represent?
Ventricular depolarization (normally
In an EKG, what does a QT segment represent?
Mechanical contraction of the ventricles.
In an EKG, what does a T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization. T-wave inversion may indicate recent MI.
In an EKG, what does an ST segment represent?
Isoelectric, ventricles depolarized.
In an EKG, what does a U wave represent?
Caused by hypokalemia, bradycardia.
Most common type of ventricular pre-excitation syndrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atresia to ventricle (bundle of Kent) bypasses the rate-slowing AV node. As a result, ventricles begin to partially depolarize earlier, giving rise to characteristic delta wave with shortened PR interval on ECG. May result in reentry circuit –> supraventricular tachycardia.
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
What type of sounds describe the following: aortic/pulmonic stenosis, mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, ventricular septal defect.
Systolic heart sounds
Chemoreceptors regulate BP. The ones located in the aorta transmit via what nerve? And where does this nerve send the message to?
Aorta to Vagus nerve.
Vagus nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla.
Chemoreceptors regulate BP. The ones located on the carotid bodies (carotid bodies) transmit via what nerve? And where does this nerve send the message to?
Transmit via glossopharyngeal nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla.
At what gestational age does a human heart start beating?
At 4 weeks of development
A defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what? Associated to Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)…
Dextrocardia
