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Cardiovascular > First Aid Cardio > Flashcards

First Aid Cardio Flashcards

0
Q

What structure gives rise to smooth muscle parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles?

A

Bulbus cordis

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1
Q

What structure gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Truncus arteriosus

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2
Q

What structure gives rise to trabeculated part of left and right atria?

A

Primitive atria

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3
Q

What structure gives rise to trabeculated part of left and right ventricles?

A

Primitive ventricle

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4
Q

What structure gives rise to the smooth part of the left atrium?

A

Primitive pulmonary vein

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5
Q

What structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?

A

Left horn of sinus venous (SV)

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6
Q

What structure gives rise to the smooth part of right atrium?

A

Right horn of Sinus venosus

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7
Q

What structure gives rise to the Superior Vena Cava (SVC)?

A

Right common Cardinal vein, and right anterior Cardinal vein.

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8
Q

Primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity; begins in week 4 of gestation. Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what? As seen in Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia).

A

Dextrocardia

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9
Q

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 3-8 Weeks

A

Yolk Sac

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10
Q

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 6 Weeks - Birth

A

Liver

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11
Q

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 10-28 Weeks

A

Spleen

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12
Q

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 18 weeks - adult

A

Bone Marrow

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13
Q

Important fetal shunts: Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted via the ______ into the IVC to bypass the hepatic circulation.

A

Ductus venosus

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14
Q

Important fetal shunts: Most highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the _____, and pumped out the aorta to the head and body.

A

Foramen ovale

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15
Q

Where do most Ventricular Septal Defects occur? What occurs as a result of this defect? (Give 2 answers)

A

VSD most commonly occurs in the membranous septum. Defects: acyanotic at birth due to left-to-right shunt.

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16
Q

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Umbilical vein

What structure is formed?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis (contained in falciform ligament).

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17
Q

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Umbilical arteries

What structure is formed?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

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18
Q

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Ductus arteriosus

What structure is formed?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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19
Q

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Ductus venosus

What structure is formed?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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20
Q

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Foramen ovale

What structure is formed?

A

Fossa ovalis

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21
Q

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Allantois

What structure is formed?

A

Urachus-median umbilical ligament

The urachus is the part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus. Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant.

22
Q

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Notochord

What structure is formed?

A

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

23
Q

SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by what vessel? Infarct may cause nodal dysfunction (bradycardia or heart block).

A

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

24
Q

This vessel supplies the anterior 2/3s of the interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of left ventricle. Name that vessel:

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)

25
Q

This vessel supplies the lateral and posterior walls of left ventricle, antes lateral papillary muscle. Name that vessel:

A

Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX)

26
Q

Cardiac Output (CO) = ?

A

Stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR).

26
Q

This vessel supplies posterior 1/3 of intervenous ulnar septum, posterior walls of ventricles, and posteromedial papillary muscle. Name the vessel:

A

Posterior descending/ interventricular artery (PDA)

28
Q

Fick’s principle=

A

Rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)

29
Q

Right (acute) marginal artery supplies what?

A

Right ventricle

30
Q

What is the cause of the following? Aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, and advanced heart failure.

A

Decreased pulse pressure

31
Q
  1. Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)=?
A

CO x TPR

32
Q
  1. Mean Arterial pressure=?
A

2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

33
Q

Pulse pressure=?

A

Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure

Pulse pressure is proportional to SV, inversely proportional to arterial compliance.

34
Q

Stroke volume=?

A

EDV-ESV. –> end diastolic volume - end systolic v.

35
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)= ?

A

SV/EDV = (EDV-ESV/EDV)

EF decrease in systolic heart failure; EF is normal in diastolic heart failure

36
Q

What type of sounds describe the following: aortic/pulmonic regurgitation, mitral/tricuspid stenosis.

A

Diastolic heart sounds

37
Q

What is the cause of the following? Aortic regurgitation, hyperthyroidism, arteriosclerosis, obstructive sleep apnea (increased sympathetic tone), exercise (transient).

A

Increase in pulse pressure

38
Q

Starling curve: what occurs in the presence of catecholamines or digoxin?

A

Increase in contractility

Thus increase in CO or venous return

39
Q

Starling curve: what occurs in the presence of beta-blockers, MI (loss of myocardium), calcium channel blockers, or dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Decrease in contractility

40
Q

In an EKG, what does a P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization.

41
Q

In an EKG, what does a PR interval represent?

A

Conduction delay through AV node (normally

42
Q

In an EKG, what does a QRS represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization (normally

43
Q

In an EKG, what does a QT segment represent?

A

Mechanical contraction of the ventricles.

44
Q

In an EKG, what does a T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization. T-wave inversion may indicate recent MI.

45
Q

In an EKG, what does an ST segment represent?

A

Isoelectric, ventricles depolarized.

46
Q

In an EKG, what does a U wave represent?

A

Caused by hypokalemia, bradycardia.

47
Q

Most common type of ventricular pre-excitation syndrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atresia to ventricle (bundle of Kent) bypasses the rate-slowing AV node. As a result, ventricles begin to partially depolarize earlier, giving rise to characteristic delta wave with shortened PR interval on ECG. May result in reentry circuit –> supraventricular tachycardia.

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

48
Q

What type of sounds describe the following: aortic/pulmonic stenosis, mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, ventricular septal defect.

A

Systolic heart sounds

49
Q

Chemoreceptors regulate BP. The ones located in the aorta transmit via what nerve? And where does this nerve send the message to?

A

Aorta to Vagus nerve.

Vagus nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla.

50
Q

Chemoreceptors regulate BP. The ones located on the carotid bodies (carotid bodies) transmit via what nerve? And where does this nerve send the message to?

A

Transmit via glossopharyngeal nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla.

51
Q

At what gestational age does a human heart start beating?

A

At 4 weeks of development

52
Q

A defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what? Associated to Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)…

A

Dextrocardia

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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