quick overview

Question 1

G1

Answer 1

Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.

Question 2

S

Answer 2

DNA is replicated.

Question 3

G2

Answer 3

The cell prepares for mitosis

Question 4

M

Answer 4

The actual division of the nucleus and cell.

Question 5

what is a tumor supressor gene?

Answer 5

a gene that normally regulates cell growth and division, preventing uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development

Question 6

what happens if tumor supressor genes are mutated?

Answer 6

cells can grow out of control, potentially leading to cancer.

Question 7

what is a proto oncogene?

Answer 7

a normal gene that plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and division

Question 8

what is an oncogene?

Answer 8

a mutated gene that can cause cancer.

Question 9

how can a proto oncogene become an oncogene?

Answer 9

proto-oncogene transforms into an oncogene through various genetic changes, including mutations

Question 10

binary fission steps (5)

Answer 10

1. DNA replicates
2. Cell grows and elongates
3. DNA segregates
4. A septum begins to form in the center of the cell
5. The septum fully divides the cell into two identical daughter cells.

Question 11

what does the m checkpoint check for?

Answer 11

chromosome spindle attachment

Question 12

what does g1 checkpoint check for?

Answer 12

the cell checks if it has adequate size, nutrients, and intact DNA

Question 13

what does the g2 checkpoint check for?

Answer 13

• cell size
• dna replication

Question 14

what happens in g1

Answer 14

the cell grows and increases the volume of protein and organelles

Question 15

what happens in s phase

Answer 15

cell replicates its DNA

Question 16

what happens in g2 phase

Answer 16

the cell prepares for the mitotic division

Question 17

what happens in m phase

Answer 17

cell division

Question 18

what is a caspase

Answer 18

a protein that regulates programmed cell death (apoptosis) and inflammation

Question 19

what is a bleb

Answer 19

a balloon-like outgrowth of the plasma membrane

Question 20

what is a apoptotic body

Answer 20

remnants of cells having undergone apoptosis

Question 21

what is a phagocyte

Answer 21

a scavenging cell that engulfs and absorbs cell
particles and bacteria

Question 22

steps of apoptosis (6)

Answer 22

1. Internal or external signals (like DNA damage or stress) trigger apoptosis.
2. The cell begins to shrink and its membrane starts to bleb
3. The chromatin (DNA) inside the nucleus condenses and clumps together.
4. The DNA is broken into small pieces by enzymes (like caspases).
5. The cell breaks into small, membrane-bound fragments called apoptotic bodies. These bodies contain pieces of the cell, including the fragmented DNA.
6. The apoptotic bodies are recognized and engulfed by nearby cells (like immune cells), which clean up the cell remnants without causing inflammation.

Question 23

internal triggers of apoptosis

Answer 23

cell damage (radiation, damages DNA)

Question 24

external triggers of apoptosis

Answer 24

death receptor pathway

Question 25

what is benign

Answer 25

localised masses

Question 26

what is poetentially malignant

Answer 26

localised masses that will eventually invade other tissues and transform into cancer

Question 27

malignant (cancer)

Answer 27

masses that invade ther tissues.

Question 28

what are mutagens

Answer 28

factors that cause mutations in DNA

Question 29

what are carcinogens?

Answer 29

a mutagen which effects TSG's (tumor supressor genes) or protooncogenes

Question 30

carcinogen chemical factor

Answer 30

cigarette smoke

Question 31

carcinogen physical factors

Answer 31

xrays

Question 32

carcinogen biological factors

Answer 32

HPV or cervical cancer

Question 33

what is a neoplasm

Answer 33

An abnormal mass of tissue

Question 34

what are stem cells

Answer 34

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body

Question 35

embryonic stem cells

Answer 35

totipotent or pluripotent. can be obtained from IVF programs and replace indefinately.

Question 36

adult stem cells

Answer 36

multipotent or unipotent. function to repair and regenerate damaged or aged tissues. cannot replace indefinately.

Question 37

what is totipotent stem cells

Answer 37

stem cells that can frm any cell type, including placenta

Question 38

what are pluripotent stem cells

Answer 38

stem cells that can frm most cell types, excluding placenta

Question 39

what are multipotent stem cells

Answer 39

can develop into a limited range of cells

Question 40

what are unipotent stem cells

Answer 40

stem cells that can only differenciate into one specific cell type

Question 41

what happens in prophase

Answer 41

chromatin condense into chromosomes

Question 42

what happens in metaphase

Answer 42

chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

Question 43

what happens in anaphase

Answer 43

sister chrmatids move to opposite ends of the cell

Question 44

what happens in telophase

Answer 44

chromosomes arrive at the cell poles and a nuclear membrane reforms

Question 45

what happens in cytokinesis

Answer 45

the cytoplasm of a cell divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells