Quick Before The Test

Question 1

What are the types of transmission in animals

Answer 1

DIF DV

1) direct contact
2) inoculation
3) Fomities
4) vectors

Question 2

What are the ways a plant can be infected by a communicable pathogen

Answer 2

1) water
2) wind
3) soil contamination
4) direct contact

Question 3

Physical defences plants have against pathogens

Answer 3

1) extra lignin to strengthen the cell walls
2) callose in the plasmodesmata to stop it spreading between cells
3) callose in the sieve plates in the phloem to stop it travelling up in water

Question 4

Chemical plant defences against pathogens

Answer 4

1) anti oomycetes
2) anti fungal - chininase
3) general toxins
4) anti bacterial - gossypol in cotton

Question 5

Definition of a cytokines

Answer 5

Acts as cell signalling molecules that inform other phagocytes that the body is under attack and stimulating them to move to the site of infection or inflammation

Question 6

Define opsonins

Answer 6

Chemicals that bind to pathogens to ‘tag’ them so they can be more easily recognised by phagocytes