Questions part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the name of the gland that secretes saliva below the tounge
A
Sub-lingual gland
2
Q
How does sexual reproduction lead to gentic diversity
A
Random assortment of paternal chromosomes into the gametes, exchange of genetic information during gametogensis
3
Q
Which layer is thinner, epidermis or dermis
A
Epidermis
4
Q
What are the roles of the nerve plexus
A
Sense liminal contents and control muscles and glands
5
Q
FAST OR SLOW Use aerobic resp
A
Slow
6
Q
FAST OR SLOW Net prod of 38 ATP
A
Slow
7
Q
What overides the trigger in males preventing meotic transfer
A
Meiosis preventing substance (MPS)
8
Q
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Stim of slow fibres
A
Aer
9
Q
Define morula
A
Developmental stage where the embryo consists of a solid ball of cells within the zona pelucida
10
Q
What are the different isofroms of creatine
A
Cytosolic and mitochondrial
11
Q
What is occuring if the bolus is moving away from the anus
A
Vomitting
12
Q
Name a toxin that blocks K+ channels
A
Dendrotoxin - from mamba snake
13
Q
Which duct is degenerated in the male at 10 weeks
A
Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
14
Q
Where is renin released from
A
The juxtaglomerula apparatus - granular cells
15
Q
How can the autosomes influence sexual differentiation
A
Testicular feminisation syndrome - low levels of cytosolic carrier protein means testosterone cant enter the cell and action of the testes is inhibited resulting in the development of the female phenotype due to low levels of oestrogen released from the testes and adrenal cortex
16
Q
Name the associated structures found within the skin
A
Nails Hair Sebaceous glands Sweat glands
17
Q
What aspects of kidney function does aldosterone regulate
A
Na content and conc of K+
18
Q
Recall the pathway leading to the formation of active vit d3 compoind
A
7-dehydroxycholesterol pro-vitamin D3 Vitamin D3 Calcidiol Calcitriol Gene transcription
19
Q
Where is MIS released from
A
Mesonephric ducts
20
Q
What is the role of the Sertoli cells
A
Line the seminiferous tubules and contain vesciles in which the sperm develop
21
Q
How does aldosterone exert its effects
A
Crosses cell membrane and binds to an intracellular mineralocorticodi receptor –> gene transcription Upreg: Na/K ATPase, ROMK ENaC and Na/H exchanger
22
Q
What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of phosphcreatine and vice versa
A
Cretine kinase
23
Q
What are the differences in gestation length can be seen in males and females
A
males 265 days females 266 days
24
Q
What is the name of the sheath of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fasicles/bundles
A
Perimysium
25
Two hormones produced by the testes
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Testosterone
26
What are the roles of keratin and glycolipid in the stratum granulosum
Keratin forms durable filaments Glycolipids make the skin water resistant
27
What is the name of the lowest layer in the epidermis
Startum basale
28
Where might you find exceptions where the skin isnt acting as a physical barrier
Cuts/burns against vectors
29
Name the key layers of the epidermis
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
30
Phases of swallowing (deglutination
Oral phase Pharyngeal phase Oesphageal
31
What is the size of the human egg cell
100-150 um
32
What is the the function of the GI tract
Breakdown of ingested food which can be taken up into the body tissue
33
What are the layers of the skin
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
34
Explain how the skin acts as an immunological barrier
Langerhans/dendritic cells in stratum spinosum trigger immunolgical response
35
What is the average life cycle of a keratinocyte
2-4 weeks
36
What are main types of epidermal skin
Thick skin Thin skin
37
How many oogonia present at birth
Half a million
38
What cells does the hypodermis mainly consist of
Adipocyes
39
Explain how the skin acts as an inside-out barrier
Prevent water loss
40
What is Hirschprungs disease
Congenital disorder due to the absent development of the myenteric plexus, lack of GI innervation, enlarged colon requiring surgical removal
41
Whuch layer is the thickest of the eipidermis
Stratum sponosum
42
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC No change in strength
Ae
43
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC No change in number of fibres
An
44
Which nervous system mediates the primary peristaltic wave
ANS - Vagus
45
What is the male equiv of oogina
Spermatogonia
46
Where do the gonads develop and what do these regions contain
Gonadal ridges Conraining the mesonephros and internal tubules and ducts
47
Treatments for diabetes insipidus
Central - synthetic VP nasal spray Nephrogenic - no treatment
48
How is the GI tract organised structurally
Mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis, serosa
49
What is the pylorus
Opening from the stomach into the duodenum
50
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Brief intense exercise
An
51
Name the regions of the colon
Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
52
Explain how the skin acts an outside-in barrier
Prevents entry of infectious agents
53
What are the different types of glands ans how is it they differ
Apocrine - associated with hairs, secrete into hair follicles Merocrine - Secrete perspiration directly at the surface of the skin
54
Which layer of the epidermis is most superficial
Statum corneum
55
How many layers of flat keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum
3-5
56
What happens to the morulla for it to become a blastocyst
Cavitation forming the blastocoel
57
What type of epithelium is found in the epidermal skin
Stratified, squamous keratinised epithelium
58
Name an antagonist of the nAChR
Curare
59
Name a toxin that prevents ACh release
Botulinum toxin Tetanus
60
WHat are the effects of renin release
Angiotensinogen --\> Angiotensin I
61
What is the effect of the active verison of vitamin D3
Calcitriol binds to VDR receptor which acts as a transcription factor upregulating genes for Ca reab
62
What is the term used to secribe the fusion of gametes
Synagmy
63
Which two layers make up the muscularis
Circular muscle layer Longitudinal muscle layer
64
Which salivary gland is located below the mandible
Sub-mandibular gland
65
In which region of the GI tract does most absoption take place
Small intestin
66
Name the acessory structres of the skin
Nails, hair, glands,
67
What two molecules are produced in high quant in the startum granulosum
Keratin GLycolipid
68
What stimulates peristalsis
Distension of the GI tract by bolus (chyme)
69
What does MIS stand for
Meisosis inducing substance
70
FAST OR SLOW Take longer to contract
Slow
71
What is unique about the sratum lucidum
Only found in think skin
72
Other roles of calcitriol
Anti-tumour
73
In which layer of the skin are the acessory structures located
The dermis
74
WHat are the 3 cell types found within the lowest layer of the epidermis
Keratinocytes Tactile cells Melanocytes
75
Where is aldosterone released
Zona glomerullosa of adrenal cortex
76
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Conversion of fast glycolytic (IIb) to fast oxidative (IIa)
Aer
77
Name given to the cells in the zygot
Blastomere
78
What are the spects of peristalsis
Oral contraction, aboral relaxation
79
What structure forms on on the anterior abdominal wall within a few weeks of fertilisation
Gonadal ridges
80
What is the role of the parotid gland
Secretes saliva in the parotid duct
81
Two roles of angiotensin II
Aldosterone release Vasoconstriction
82
Net effects of aldosterone release
Increase reab of Na and H2O Increase sec of K and H Inc ECFV
83
Are myocytes multi or uni nucleate
Multi
84
Name a toxin that blocks the Na+ channel
Tetrodotoxin
85
What are the main differences between the different types of epidermal skin
Thick - 5 layers, palm of hands and feet Thin - 4 layers rest of body
86
What are the nerve plexus involved in enteric control of the GI tract
Myenteric Plexus Submucosal plexus
87
Example of a fast glycolytic muscle
Biceps brachii
88
What are the consitiuents of the GI tract
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, anus
89
Explain how the skin acts a biochemical barrier
Sebum - bacterialsidal substances Sweat - lowers skin pH
90
What does the produce of the gene determining the male phenotype do
SRY - triggers the Sertoli cell fate
91
Which NS mediates the second peristalitic wave
Enteric
92
Metabolically expensive
Fast
93
How many sperm reach the egg, why is this the case
100s of functional sperm Some under/over developed Some may go the wrong way Some may get lost in the cervix/cervical cavity
94
What is the role of of the large intestine
Absorption of water salt and sugar from the chyme
95
What happens during pronuclear fusion
Sperm nucleus forms male pronucleus, egg completes meiosis and forms the male pronucelus pronuceli then fuse on the metaphase plate
96
What is the size of the human sperm cell
6 um
97
Until when is meiotic transfer halted in males
Puberty - testes cords become testes
98
Do the ovaries require the presence of oocytes for normal development
Yes
99
What do spermatogonia divide by
Mitosis
100
Do primordial germ cells initially look simialar
Yes
101
What are the main roles of the stomach
Storage of food, mechanical digestion
102
Do the enteroendocrine cells act only in a humoiral way
No can also act in a paracrine way
103
What does the stratum corneum consist of
15-30 dead, keratinised cells, high lipid content permeability barrier
104
Enteroendocrine cells are ...
Single cells scattered throughout the GI tract
105
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Causes increased diameter of the fibres
An
106
What is the role of the enteroendocrine cells
Detect luminal contentsand respond by releasing peptide transmitters that alter the function of the GI tract
107
Which biological molecule is the stomach responsible for initiating the digestion of
Proteins
108
What cell is in the majourity in the starum basale
Keratinocytes
109
Which region of troponin does Ca2+ bidning cause the conformational change moving tropomysoin out of the actin-myosin binding site
Tn-C
110
What is the name of the repeat unit within a myofibril
Sarcomere
111
What is the role of Anti-Mullerian hormone
Inhibits the development of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts
112
What can be said about keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum
Densely packed, anucelate, no organelles
113
FAST OR SLOWRapidly fatiguing
Fast
114
Do the testes require the presence of sperm for normal development
No
115
What is the role of nebulin
Dictates the length of the actin filament
116
Name the accessory structures associated with the GI tract
Parotid gland Sub-mandibular gland Sublingual glands Pancrease Liver Gallbladder Tongue
117
What are the characteristics of muscle
Responsive to chemical and electrical signals Conductive Contractile Extensile Elastic
118
Which regions in the innermost layer of the GI tract and what does it consist of
Mucosa - consists of mucous epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae
119
What is also needed for the maintenance of the male phenotype
SOX9
120
What are the zymogen granules
Granules containing inactive proenzymes that are to be secreted Only once secreted are there proteins cleaved to their active forms Prevents damage to own cells
121
Why is the genetoc information in the sperm super condensed
protects the genetic information from damage
122
What must happened before fusion of the pronuclei
Genetic information must first decondense
123
Does peristalsis require CNS input
No
124
Which regions make up the large int
Colon rectum anus
125
What is the difference between the two layers of the dermis
Papillary - connective tissue, interdigitated with epidermis, mantians attachement Reticular layer - irregular, dense connective tissue, rich in collagen and acts as a shock absorber
126
what type of NT and receptor is used at the neuromuscular junction
ACh nAchR
127
Where does fertilisation occur
Ampulla of uterine tube
128
What regions of the nephron does aldosterone act on
Collecting duct Late distal tubule
129
Which layer is referred to as the peritoneum and consists of connective tissue
Serosa
130
Which structures mediate peristalsis
Myenteric plexus
131
Clear differences can be seen in the external genitalia of males and females 12 weeks in, but when are the adult genitalia visuble
After puberty
132
Symptoms of botulism
Dry mouth, double vision, diarrhoea, vomitting, muscle weakness, paralysis
133
Which gene determines testis formation and where is it found
SRY Y chr
134
FAST OR SLOW Metabolically economical
Slow
135
FAST OR SLOW Net prod 2 ATP and lactic acid
FAST
136
When is cretine used
Is a readily available source of energy for the first few mins of intense exercise
137
Motility and secretion in the GI tract are controlled by ...
Reflexes
138
What structures can be found between the muscle fassicles
Blood vessels and nerve branches
139
What is special about the jejenum and the ileum
No definable boundary, highly folded pilcae, large surface area, 3 strata of folding
140
Where and by what type of division are the gametes formed
Gonads Meiosis
141
What is the role of the female repodctive tract in regards to the sperm
Filters sperms
142
Term to describe the first division
Clevage
143
What are the main differences between intrinsic and extrinsic control reflexes in the GI tract
Intrinsic - short, internal stimuli, local nerve circuits Extrinsic - long, external stimuli, CNS involvement
144
Name of mature male reproductive cell
Spermatozoan
145
What must sperm undergo in the female reproducitve tract
Capacitation - acrosomal reaction and motility changes
146
How does botulinum prevent Ach rlease
Is an endoprotease which cleaves proteins required for the exocytosis of ACH
147
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Enlargement of the myofibril size by adding new myofilaments
An
148
What is the role of the saliva
Solvent for taste Cleans and protects teeth Digestion of carbs and lipids Lubrication Antimicrobial
149
What is the role of CAP Z and alpha actin
Make up the Z disc and mediate actin anchorage
150
FAST OR SLOW Fatigue resistant
SLow
151
Explain how UV is required for cacitriol biosynthesis
Converts 7-dehydroxycholesterol to vitamin D3
152
What stimulates the release of rening
Symp nervous syst stim -compounds released from the macular densa
153
Which sarcomere regions shorten during contraction
I band Hzone Z disc distance
154
Decribe the process of salivation
Acinar cells produce primary saliva and secrete into the intercalated duct. Saliva travels down striated duct where the ductal cells modify it by reab Na and Cl secreting carbonate. After the striated duct the saliva then passes into the excretory duct where the myoepithelial cells contract following nervous system stimulation to bring saliva into the mouth
155
What is the active version of vitamin D3 called
Calcitriol
156
How many head cycles how many times per second
5
157
What are the two layers of the dermis
Papillary layer Reticular layer
158
What are the two aspects to the role of the GI tract
Digestion and absorption
159
What are the causes of muscle fatigue
ATP synthesis decline Decrease in pH Failure of motor neurones
160
WHat is the name of the connective tissue structure that surrounds muscle and is continuous with the tendons
Epimysium
161
How many primitive oogonia present at 9 months
9 million
162
Define chyme
Semi fluid mass of partially digested ppod that is expelled from the stomach into the duodenum
163
If no gonads develop which phneotype developes
Female - default
164
What is the endomysium
Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each individual muscle fibre
165
What is the role of tropomodulin
Caps minus end of actin filament preventing depolimerisation
166
How can botulinum be used clinically
Treatment of cross eyed BOTOX
167
Which regions make up the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
168
What mechanism used during anaerobic conditions to supply additional ATP molecules for the respiring muscle
Creatinine
169
The hypodermis can be described as ...
A subcutaneous layer
170
Which enzyme is secreted by the sub-lingual gland
Lipase
171
Types of diabetes insipidus
Central - CNS problem - no VP secreted Nephrogenic - No response to VP
172
What triggers oogonia to oocyte transition
Meiosis inducing substance
173
Which regions of the sarcomere dont change in length during contraction
A band
174
What are the three types of motility seen in the stomach
Gastric accommodation Trituration Gastric emptying
175
Where is majority of angiotensin I converted and why
In lungs - highest density of capillaries ACE
176
Which enzyme is secreted by the parotid gland
Alpha amylase
177
Define swallowing
Process by which food passes from the mouth to the stomach
178
Describe the structure of the salivary gland
Acinus of 12+ acinar cells around a central lumen
179
what is a myocyte
A muscle cell
180
Where can the myonuclei of myocytes be found
The periphery
181
Where in the skin is vit D3 synthesised
Stratum basale and spinosum of epidermis
182
FAST OR SLOW Take \<10ms to contract
Fast
183
Example of a slow oxidative muscle fibre
Soleus musxle
184
Is the epidermis a self regenerating tissue made of keratinocytes
Yess
185
What are the component parts of saliva
Water Mucous Alpha-amylase Lipase Other proteins
186
Example of a fast oxidative muscle
Gastercnemius
187
Put these in order Muscle Myofibril Sarcomere Myocyte Muscle Fassicle
Sarcomere Myofibril Myocyte Fassicle Muscle
188
At what stage do the PGCS differentiate What do they become
5 weeks Gonia
189
Name some examples of gut peptides
Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin
190
Where are the gut peptides secreted from
Enteroendocrine cells in the mucosa
191
What glands does thermoregulation involve
Merocrine/eccrine glands
192
How long after fetilisation and ovulation does implantation into the endometrium
3 after fert 7-8 ov
193
What happens as keratinocytes differentiate
Detach from the basement membrane and move up through the epidermis dividing asymmetrically
194
Explains how the skin acts as a physical barrier
Keratin layer prevents entry of infectious agents
195
Reacll the sphincter muscles in the GI tract
Upper oesphageal Lower oesophageal Pyloric Ileocaecal Internal anal External anal
196
What causes causes Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Na+ and depolarisation
197
Where do the primordial germ cells develop
Close to the allantois
198
What happens if the male phenotype determining gene is not present
Follicle cell develops
199
What type of reaction converts calcidiol to calcitriol
Hydroxylation
200
Explain what happens during the power stroke
The actin myosin cross bridge acts as an ATPase hydrolysing the bound ATP TO ADP and Pi allowing the actin to return to its relaxed position
201
What does the gestation length differences suggest about males and females at birth
Females more mature
202
What causes renin release
Drop in ECFV
203
Which duct degenerated in the female at 10 weeks
Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian)
204
What are the four roles of the stomach
Motility Digestion Protection Absorption
205
Are keratinocytes in the statum granulosum mitotic or post mitoitc
Post
206
What type of hormone is aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid
207
What are the main control mechanisms in the GI tract
ANS - sympathetic inhibits digestion and the parasympathetic stimulates ENS - Independent from the CNS Gut peptides - paracrine or hormonal
208
Name the different glands found in the skin
Mammillary, sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous
209
Oogonia and oocytes divide by
Mitosis (oogonia) Meiosis (oocyes)
210
What is the role of titin
Positions myosin filaments halfway between Z discs and act as sprint to prevent over contraction, anchors the myosin filaments to the Z disc
211
What are the main roles of the skin
Protection - impact, chem, infect Temp control Synth/Storage - Vit D and Ca2+ Sensory Reception Excretion/secretion
212
What are the two main cell types of the stratum spinosum
Keratinocytes Dendritic cells
213
How long does it take form the sperm to develop
60-75 days
214
What is significant about the cells in the stratum granulosum
Last to have nuclei
215
What are the functions of skeletal muscle
Movement Support of the soft tissue Maintenance of body posture and position Communication Control of openings Maintenance of body posture
216
Where is 95% of creatine found
Muscles
217
AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Stim of fast fibres
An
218
Which organ consists of the skin
Integumentary system
219
Name of the mature female reproductive cell
Ovum
220
FAST OR SLOW Anaerobic
Fast
