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BMS109 Phys/Pharm > Questions part 2 > Flashcards

Questions part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the gland that secretes saliva below the tounge

A

Sub-lingual gland

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2
Q

How does sexual reproduction lead to gentic diversity

A

Random assortment of paternal chromosomes into the gametes, exchange of genetic information during gametogensis

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3
Q

Which layer is thinner, epidermis or dermis

A

Epidermis

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4
Q

What are the roles of the nerve plexus

A

Sense liminal contents and control muscles and glands

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5
Q

FAST OR SLOW Use aerobic resp

A

Slow

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6
Q

FAST OR SLOW Net prod of 38 ATP

A

Slow

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7
Q

What overides the trigger in males preventing meotic transfer

A

Meiosis preventing substance (MPS)

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8
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Stim of slow fibres

A

Aer

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9
Q

Define morula

A

Developmental stage where the embryo consists of a solid ball of cells within the zona pelucida

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10
Q

What are the different isofroms of creatine

A

Cytosolic and mitochondrial

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11
Q

What is occuring if the bolus is moving away from the anus

A

Vomitting

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12
Q

Name a toxin that blocks K+ channels

A

Dendrotoxin - from mamba snake

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13
Q

Which duct is degenerated in the male at 10 weeks

A

Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

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14
Q

Where is renin released from

A

The juxtaglomerula apparatus - granular cells

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15
Q

How can the autosomes influence sexual differentiation

A

Testicular feminisation syndrome - low levels of cytosolic carrier protein means testosterone cant enter the cell and action of the testes is inhibited resulting in the development of the female phenotype due to low levels of oestrogen released from the testes and adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Name the associated structures found within the skin

A

Nails Hair Sebaceous glands Sweat glands

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17
Q

What aspects of kidney function does aldosterone regulate

A

Na content and conc of K+

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18
Q

Recall the pathway leading to the formation of active vit d3 compoind

A

7-dehydroxycholesterol pro-vitamin D3 Vitamin D3 Calcidiol Calcitriol Gene transcription

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19
Q

Where is MIS released from

A

Mesonephric ducts

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20
Q

What is the role of the Sertoli cells

A

Line the seminiferous tubules and contain vesciles in which the sperm develop

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21
Q

How does aldosterone exert its effects

A

Crosses cell membrane and binds to an intracellular mineralocorticodi receptor –> gene transcription Upreg: Na/K ATPase, ROMK ENaC and Na/H exchanger

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22
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of phosphcreatine and vice versa

A

Cretine kinase

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23
Q

What are the differences in gestation length can be seen in males and females

A

males 265 days females 266 days

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24
Q

What is the name of the sheath of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fasicles/bundles

A

Perimysium

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25
Q

Two hormones produced by the testes

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Testosterone

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26
Q

What are the roles of keratin and glycolipid in the stratum granulosum

A

Keratin forms durable filaments Glycolipids make the skin water resistant

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27
Q

What is the name of the lowest layer in the epidermis

A

Startum basale

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28
Q

Where might you find exceptions where the skin isnt acting as a physical barrier

A

Cuts/burns against vectors

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29
Q

Name the key layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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30
Q

Phases of swallowing (deglutination

A

Oral phase Pharyngeal phase Oesphageal

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31
Q

What is the size of the human egg cell

A

100-150 um

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32
Q

What is the the function of the GI tract

A

Breakdown of ingested food which can be taken up into the body tissue

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33
Q

What are the layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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34
Q

Explain how the skin acts as an immunological barrier

A

Langerhans/dendritic cells in stratum spinosum trigger immunolgical response

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35
Q

What is the average life cycle of a keratinocyte

A

2-4 weeks

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36
Q

What are main types of epidermal skin

A

Thick skin Thin skin

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37
Q

How many oogonia present at birth

A

Half a million

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38
Q

What cells does the hypodermis mainly consist of

A

Adipocyes

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39
Q

Explain how the skin acts as an inside-out barrier

A

Prevent water loss

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40
Q

What is Hirschprungs disease

A

Congenital disorder due to the absent development of the myenteric plexus, lack of GI innervation, enlarged colon requiring surgical removal

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41
Q

Whuch layer is the thickest of the eipidermis

A

Stratum sponosum

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42
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC No change in strength

A

Ae

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43
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC No change in number of fibres

A

An

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44
Q

Which nervous system mediates the primary peristaltic wave

A

ANS - Vagus

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45
Q

What is the male equiv of oogina

A

Spermatogonia

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46
Q

Where do the gonads develop and what do these regions contain

A

Gonadal ridges Conraining the mesonephros and internal tubules and ducts

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47
Q

Treatments for diabetes insipidus

A

Central - synthetic VP nasal spray Nephrogenic - no treatment

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48
Q

How is the GI tract organised structurally

A

Mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis, serosa

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49
Q

What is the pylorus

A

Opening from the stomach into the duodenum

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50
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Brief intense exercise

A

An

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51
Q

Name the regions of the colon

A

Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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52
Q

Explain how the skin acts an outside-in barrier

A

Prevents entry of infectious agents

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53
Q

What are the different types of glands ans how is it they differ

A

Apocrine - associated with hairs, secrete into hair follicles Merocrine - Secrete perspiration directly at the surface of the skin

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54
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is most superficial

A

Statum corneum

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55
Q

How many layers of flat keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum

A

3-5

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56
Q

What happens to the morulla for it to become a blastocyst

A

Cavitation forming the blastocoel

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57
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermal skin

A

Stratified, squamous keratinised epithelium

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58
Q

Name an antagonist of the nAChR

A

Curare

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59
Q

Name a toxin that prevents ACh release

A

Botulinum toxin Tetanus

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60
Q

WHat are the effects of renin release

A

Angiotensinogen –> Angiotensin I

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61
Q

What is the effect of the active verison of vitamin D3

A

Calcitriol binds to VDR receptor which acts as a transcription factor upregulating genes for Ca reab

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62
Q

What is the term used to secribe the fusion of gametes

A

Synagmy

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63
Q

Which two layers make up the muscularis

A

Circular muscle layer Longitudinal muscle layer

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64
Q

Which salivary gland is located below the mandible

A

Sub-mandibular gland

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65
Q

In which region of the GI tract does most absoption take place

A

Small intestin

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66
Q

Name the acessory structres of the skin

A

Nails, hair, glands,

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67
Q

What two molecules are produced in high quant in the startum granulosum

A

Keratin GLycolipid

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68
Q

What stimulates peristalsis

A

Distension of the GI tract by bolus (chyme)

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69
Q

What does MIS stand for

A

Meisosis inducing substance

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70
Q

FAST OR SLOW Take longer to contract

A

Slow

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71
Q

What is unique about the sratum lucidum

A

Only found in think skin

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72
Q

Other roles of calcitriol

A

Anti-tumour

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73
Q

In which layer of the skin are the acessory structures located

A

The dermis

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74
Q

WHat are the 3 cell types found within the lowest layer of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes Tactile cells Melanocytes

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75
Q

Where is aldosterone released

A

Zona glomerullosa of adrenal cortex

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76
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Conversion of fast glycolytic (IIb) to fast oxidative (IIa)

A

Aer

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77
Q

Name given to the cells in the zygot

A

Blastomere

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78
Q

What are the spects of peristalsis

A

Oral contraction, aboral relaxation

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79
Q

What structure forms on on the anterior abdominal wall within a few weeks of fertilisation

A

Gonadal ridges

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80
Q

What is the role of the parotid gland

A

Secretes saliva in the parotid duct

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81
Q

Two roles of angiotensin II

A

Aldosterone release Vasoconstriction

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82
Q

Net effects of aldosterone release

A

Increase reab of Na and H2O Increase sec of K and H Inc ECFV

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83
Q

Are myocytes multi or uni nucleate

A

Multi

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84
Q

Name a toxin that blocks the Na+ channel

A

Tetrodotoxin

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85
Q

What are the main differences between the different types of epidermal skin

A

Thick - 5 layers, palm of hands and feet Thin - 4 layers rest of body

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86
Q

What are the nerve plexus involved in enteric control of the GI tract

A

Myenteric Plexus Submucosal plexus

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87
Q

Example of a fast glycolytic muscle

A

Biceps brachii

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88
Q

What are the consitiuents of the GI tract

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, anus

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89
Q

Explain how the skin acts a biochemical barrier

A

Sebum - bacterialsidal substances Sweat - lowers skin pH

90
Q

What does the produce of the gene determining the male phenotype do

A

SRY - triggers the Sertoli cell fate

91
Q

Which NS mediates the second peristalitic wave

A

Enteric

92
Q

Metabolically expensive

A

Fast

93
Q

How many sperm reach the egg, why is this the case

A

100s of functional sperm Some under/over developed Some may go the wrong way Some may get lost in the cervix/cervical cavity

94
Q

What is the role of of the large intestine

A

Absorption of water salt and sugar from the chyme

95
Q

What happens during pronuclear fusion

A

Sperm nucleus forms male pronucleus, egg completes meiosis and forms the male pronucelus pronuceli then fuse on the metaphase plate

96
Q

What is the size of the human sperm cell

A

6 um

97
Q

Until when is meiotic transfer halted in males

A

Puberty - testes cords become testes

98
Q

Do the ovaries require the presence of oocytes for normal development

A

Yes

99
Q

What do spermatogonia divide by

A

Mitosis

100
Q

Do primordial germ cells initially look simialar

A

Yes

101
Q

What are the main roles of the stomach

A

Storage of food, mechanical digestion

102
Q

Do the enteroendocrine cells act only in a humoiral way

A

No can also act in a paracrine way

103
Q

What does the stratum corneum consist of

A

15-30 dead, keratinised cells, high lipid content permeability barrier

104
Q

Enteroendocrine cells are …

A

Single cells scattered throughout the GI tract

105
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Causes increased diameter of the fibres

A

An

106
Q

What is the role of the enteroendocrine cells

A

Detect luminal contentsand respond by releasing peptide transmitters that alter the function of the GI tract

107
Q

Which biological molecule is the stomach responsible for initiating the digestion of

A

Proteins

108
Q

What cell is in the majourity in the starum basale

A

Keratinocytes

109
Q

Which region of troponin does Ca2+ bidning cause the conformational change moving tropomysoin out of the actin-myosin binding site

A

Tn-C

110
Q

What is the name of the repeat unit within a myofibril

A

Sarcomere

111
Q

What is the role of Anti-Mullerian hormone

A

Inhibits the development of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts

112
Q

What can be said about keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum

A

Densely packed, anucelate, no organelles

113
Q

FAST OR SLOWRapidly fatiguing

A

Fast

114
Q

Do the testes require the presence of sperm for normal development

A

No

115
Q

What is the role of nebulin

A

Dictates the length of the actin filament

116
Q

Name the accessory structures associated with the GI tract

A

Parotid gland Sub-mandibular gland Sublingual glands Pancrease Liver Gallbladder Tongue

117
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle

A

Responsive to chemical and electrical signals Conductive Contractile Extensile Elastic

118
Q

Which regions in the innermost layer of the GI tract and what does it consist of

A

Mucosa - consists of mucous epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

119
Q

What is also needed for the maintenance of the male phenotype

A

SOX9

120
Q

What are the zymogen granules

A

Granules containing inactive proenzymes that are to be secreted Only once secreted are there proteins cleaved to their active forms Prevents damage to own cells

121
Q

Why is the genetoc information in the sperm super condensed

A

protects the genetic information from damage

122
Q

What must happened before fusion of the pronuclei

A

Genetic information must first decondense

123
Q

Does peristalsis require CNS input

A

No

124
Q

Which regions make up the large int

A

Colon rectum anus

125
Q

What is the difference between the two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary - connective tissue, interdigitated with epidermis, mantians attachement Reticular layer - irregular, dense connective tissue, rich in collagen and acts as a shock absorber

126
Q

what type of NT and receptor is used at the neuromuscular junction

A

ACh nAchR

127
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

128
Q

What regions of the nephron does aldosterone act on

A

Collecting duct Late distal tubule

129
Q

Which layer is referred to as the peritoneum and consists of connective tissue

A

Serosa

130
Q

Which structures mediate peristalsis

A

Myenteric plexus

131
Q

Clear differences can be seen in the external genitalia of males and females 12 weeks in, but when are the adult genitalia visuble

A

After puberty

132
Q

Symptoms of botulism

A

Dry mouth, double vision, diarrhoea, vomitting, muscle weakness, paralysis

133
Q

Which gene determines testis formation and where is it found

A

SRY Y chr

134
Q

FAST OR SLOW Metabolically economical

A

Slow

135
Q

FAST OR SLOW Net prod 2 ATP and lactic acid

A

FAST

136
Q

When is cretine used

A

Is a readily available source of energy for the first few mins of intense exercise

137
Q

Motility and secretion in the GI tract are controlled by …

A

Reflexes

138
Q

What structures can be found between the muscle fassicles

A

Blood vessels and nerve branches

139
Q

What is special about the jejenum and the ileum

A

No definable boundary, highly folded pilcae, large surface area, 3 strata of folding

140
Q

Where and by what type of division are the gametes formed

A

Gonads Meiosis

141
Q

What is the role of the female repodctive tract in regards to the sperm

A

Filters sperms

142
Q

Term to describe the first division

A

Clevage

143
Q

What are the main differences between intrinsic and extrinsic control reflexes in the GI tract

A

Intrinsic - short, internal stimuli, local nerve circuits Extrinsic - long, external stimuli, CNS involvement

144
Q

Name of mature male reproductive cell

A

Spermatozoan

145
Q

What must sperm undergo in the female reproducitve tract

A

Capacitation - acrosomal reaction and motility changes

146
Q

How does botulinum prevent Ach rlease

A

Is an endoprotease which cleaves proteins required for the exocytosis of ACH

147
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Enlargement of the myofibril size by adding new myofilaments

A

An

148
Q

What is the role of the saliva

A

Solvent for taste Cleans and protects teeth Digestion of carbs and lipids Lubrication Antimicrobial

149
Q

What is the role of CAP Z and alpha actin

A

Make up the Z disc and mediate actin anchorage

150
Q

FAST OR SLOW Fatigue resistant

A

SLow

151
Q

Explain how UV is required for cacitriol biosynthesis

A

Converts 7-dehydroxycholesterol to vitamin D3

152
Q

What stimulates the release of rening

A

Symp nervous syst stim -compounds released from the macular densa

153
Q

Which sarcomere regions shorten during contraction

A

I band Hzone Z disc distance

154
Q

Decribe the process of salivation

A

Acinar cells produce primary saliva and secrete into the intercalated duct. Saliva travels down striated duct where the ductal cells modify it by reab Na and Cl secreting carbonate. After the striated duct the saliva then passes into the excretory duct where the myoepithelial cells contract following nervous system stimulation to bring saliva into the mouth

155
Q

What is the active version of vitamin D3 called

A

Calcitriol

156
Q

How many head cycles how many times per second

A

5

157
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer Reticular layer

158
Q

What are the two aspects to the role of the GI tract

A

Digestion and absorption

159
Q

What are the causes of muscle fatigue

A

ATP synthesis decline Decrease in pH Failure of motor neurones

160
Q

WHat is the name of the connective tissue structure that surrounds muscle and is continuous with the tendons

A

Epimysium

161
Q

How many primitive oogonia present at 9 months

A

9 million

162
Q

Define chyme

A

Semi fluid mass of partially digested ppod that is expelled from the stomach into the duodenum

163
Q

If no gonads develop which phneotype developes

A

Female - default

164
Q

What is the endomysium

A

Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each individual muscle fibre

165
Q

What is the role of tropomodulin

A

Caps minus end of actin filament preventing depolimerisation

166
Q

How can botulinum be used clinically

A

Treatment of cross eyed BOTOX

167
Q

Which regions make up the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

168
Q

What mechanism used during anaerobic conditions to supply additional ATP molecules for the respiring muscle

A

Creatinine

169
Q

The hypodermis can be described as …

A

A subcutaneous layer

170
Q

Which enzyme is secreted by the sub-lingual gland

A

Lipase

171
Q

Types of diabetes insipidus

A

Central - CNS problem - no VP secreted Nephrogenic - No response to VP

172
Q

What triggers oogonia to oocyte transition

A

Meiosis inducing substance

173
Q

Which regions of the sarcomere dont change in length during contraction

A

A band

174
Q

What are the three types of motility seen in the stomach

A

Gastric accommodation Trituration Gastric emptying

175
Q

Where is majority of angiotensin I converted and why

A

In lungs - highest density of capillaries ACE

176
Q

Which enzyme is secreted by the parotid gland

A

Alpha amylase

177
Q

Define swallowing

A

Process by which food passes from the mouth to the stomach

178
Q

Describe the structure of the salivary gland

A

Acinus of 12+ acinar cells around a central lumen

179
Q

what is a myocyte

A

A muscle cell

180
Q

Where can the myonuclei of myocytes be found

A

The periphery

181
Q

Where in the skin is vit D3 synthesised

A

Stratum basale and spinosum of epidermis

182
Q

FAST OR SLOW Take <10ms to contract

A

Fast

183
Q

Example of a slow oxidative muscle fibre

A

Soleus musxle

184
Q

Is the epidermis a self regenerating tissue made of keratinocytes

A

Yess

185
Q

What are the component parts of saliva

A

Water Mucous Alpha-amylase Lipase Other proteins

186
Q

Example of a fast oxidative muscle

A

Gastercnemius

187
Q

Put these in order Muscle Myofibril Sarcomere Myocyte Muscle Fassicle

A

Sarcomere Myofibril Myocyte Fassicle Muscle

188
Q

At what stage do the PGCS differentiate What do they become

A

5 weeks Gonia

189
Q

Name some examples of gut peptides

A

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

190
Q

Where are the gut peptides secreted from

A

Enteroendocrine cells in the mucosa

191
Q

What glands does thermoregulation involve

A

Merocrine/eccrine glands

192
Q

How long after fetilisation and ovulation does implantation into the endometrium

A

3 after fert 7-8 ov

193
Q

What happens as keratinocytes differentiate

A

Detach from the basement membrane and move up through the epidermis dividing asymmetrically

194
Q

Explains how the skin acts as a physical barrier

A

Keratin layer prevents entry of infectious agents

195
Q

Reacll the sphincter muscles in the GI tract

A

Upper oesphageal Lower oesophageal Pyloric Ileocaecal Internal anal External anal

196
Q

What causes causes Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Na+ and depolarisation

197
Q

Where do the primordial germ cells develop

A

Close to the allantois

198
Q

What happens if the male phenotype determining gene is not present

A

Follicle cell develops

199
Q

What type of reaction converts calcidiol to calcitriol

A

Hydroxylation

200
Q

Explain what happens during the power stroke

A

The actin myosin cross bridge acts as an ATPase hydrolysing the bound ATP TO ADP and Pi allowing the actin to return to its relaxed position

201
Q

What does the gestation length differences suggest about males and females at birth

A

Females more mature

202
Q

What causes renin release

A

Drop in ECFV

203
Q

Which duct degenerated in the female at 10 weeks

A

Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian)

204
Q

What are the four roles of the stomach

A

Motility Digestion Protection Absorption

205
Q

Are keratinocytes in the statum granulosum mitotic or post mitoitc

A

Post

206
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoid

207
Q

What are the main control mechanisms in the GI tract

A

ANS - sympathetic inhibits digestion and the parasympathetic stimulates ENS - Independent from the CNS Gut peptides - paracrine or hormonal

208
Q

Name the different glands found in the skin

A

Mammillary, sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous

209
Q

Oogonia and oocytes divide by

A

Mitosis (oogonia) Meiosis (oocyes)

210
Q

What is the role of titin

A

Positions myosin filaments halfway between Z discs and act as sprint to prevent over contraction, anchors the myosin filaments to the Z disc

211
Q

What are the main roles of the skin

A

Protection - impact, chem, infect Temp control Synth/Storage - Vit D and Ca2+ Sensory Reception Excretion/secretion

212
Q

What are the two main cell types of the stratum spinosum

A

Keratinocytes Dendritic cells

213
Q

How long does it take form the sperm to develop

A

60-75 days

214
Q

What is significant about the cells in the stratum granulosum

A

Last to have nuclei

215
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement Support of the soft tissue Maintenance of body posture and position Communication Control of openings Maintenance of body posture

216
Q

Where is 95% of creatine found

A

Muscles

217
Q

AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC Stim of fast fibres

A

An

218
Q

Which organ consists of the skin

A

Integumentary system

219
Q

Name of the mature female reproductive cell

A

Ovum

220
Q

FAST OR SLOW Anaerobic

A

Fast

BMS109 Phys/Pharm (4 decks)

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