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BMS109 Phys/Pharm > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Constituents of the GI tract

A

Mouth oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum anus

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2
Q

Which regions make up the small intestin

A

Duodenuim, jejunum, ileum

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3
Q

Which regions make up the large intestin

A

Colon rectum anus

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4
Q

Accessory structures

A

Parotid, sub-mandibular, sublingual, pancrease, liver, gallbladder, tounger

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5
Q

What is the GI tract function

A

Breakdown of ingested food which can be taken up into the body tissues

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6
Q

What are the two aspects the the role of the GI tract

A

Digestion and absorption

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7
Q

How is the GI tract organised structurally

A

Mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularise and serosa

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8
Q

Which is the innermost layer of the Gi tract and what does it consist of

A

Mucosa - Consists of mucous epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

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9
Q

What two layers make up the muscularis

A

Circ muscle layer

Longitudinal muscle layer

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10
Q

Which layer is referred to as the peritoneum and consists of connective tissue

A

Serosa

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11
Q

What is meant by the pylorus

A

Opening form stomach into duodenum

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12
Q

What are the main roles of the stomach

A

Storage

Mechanical digestion

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13
Q

What region does most absorption occur

A

Small intestin

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14
Q

What is special about the jejunum and ileum

A

3 strata of folding, no definable boundary

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15
Q

Define chyme

A

Semifluid mass of partially digested food that is expelled from the stomach into the duodenum

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16
Q

Describe the chyme found in the large intestin

A

Very little nutrients

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17
Q

What is the roel of the large intestin

A

Absorb of salt, water and sugar

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18
Q

Name the regions of the colon

A

Caecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

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19
Q

Main control mechanisms of the GI tract

A

ANS - symp inhib digestion, para stim
Enteric - Independent from the CNS
Gut peptides - paracrine or hormonal

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20
Q

What are the nerve plexus involved in enteric nervous control of the GI tract

A

Myenteric and sub mucosal plexus

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21
Q

What are the roles of the nerve plexus

A

Sense luminal contents and controls muscles and glands

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22
Q

Where are gut peptides secreted from

A

Enteroendocrine cells in the mucosa

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23
Q

Name some gut peptides

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin

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24
Q

What is motility and secretion controlled by

A

Reflexes

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25
Q

Main differences between intrinsic and extrinsic control reflexes

A

Int - Short - local stim - local nerve circuits

Ext - Long - ext stimuli - CNS involvement

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26
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells

A

Single cells scattered throughout the GI tract

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27
Q

What is the role of EE cells

A

Detect luminal contents and respond by releasing peptide transmitteres

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28
Q

How do EE cells act

A

Humourally or paracrine

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29
Q

What stimulates peristalsis

A

Distension of the GI tract by bolus

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30
Q

What structure mediates peristalsis

A

Myenteric plexus

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31
Q

What are the aspects of peristalsis

A

Oral contraction followed by aboral relaxation

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32
Q

If the bolus is moving away from the anus

A

Vomitting

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33
Q

Does peristalsis require CNS input

A

No

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34
Q

What is Hirchsprungs disease

A

Congenital disorder due to the absent development of the myenteric plexus, lack of GI innervation, enlarged colon requires surgical removal

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35
Q

What is the role of saliva

A

Solvent or taste
Cleans/protects teeth LUbrication
Antimicrobial

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36
Q

What is the role of the parotid gland

A

Secretion of saliva into the parotid duct

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37
Q

What is the name of the gland that secretes below the tounge

A

Sub lingual

38
Q

Which salivary gland located below the mandible

A

Sub mandibular

39
Q

What are the component parts of slaiva

A

Water, mucous, a-amylase, lipase

40
Q

Which enzyme secreted by the parotid gland

A

A amylase

41
Q

Which enzyme secreted by the sub lingual

A

Lipase

42
Q

Descibe salivary gland structure

A

12+ aciniar cells around central lumen

43
Q

Describe the process of slaivation

A

Acinar cells produce primary saliva and secrete it into the intercalated duct. The saliva then travels through the striated duct where the ductal cells modify it by reabsorbing Na+ and Cl- and secreting HCO3-. After the striated duct the saliva then passes into the excretory duct where myoepithelial cells contract following nervous system stimulation to bring the saliva into the mouth

44
Q

What are zymogen granules, why are they useful

A

Zymogen granules are vesicles containing inactive proenzymes that are to be secreted. Only once secreted are these proteins cleaved to their active forms. These prevent damage to our own cells by the protease activity of some of the enzymes.

45
Q

Defiene swallowing

A

Process by which food passes from mouth to stomach

46
Q

What are the phases of deglutination

A

Oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal

47
Q

NS 1 peri wave

A

ANS

48
Q

NS 2 peri wave

A

ENS

49
Q

What are the four roles of the stomach

A

Motilitiy, digestion, protection and absorption

50
Q

3 types of motility by the stomach

A

Accomodation
Trituration
Emptying

51
Q

Which bio mole does the stomach digest

A

Protein

52
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach and how

A

Alcohol and fat soluble drugs

By diffision

53
Q

What are the components of gastric juice

A 
Water
Ions HCL
Pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor
Mucus 
Gastrin
54
Q

Role of HCL secreted

A

Lower pH to prevent bacterial grouth and catlayses pepsinogen to pepsin

55
Q

What is the function of pepsinogen

A

Proenzyme of pepsin

56
Q

What role does intrinsic factor play

A

Prevent vit B12 breakdown so it can be absorbed in the ileum

57
Q

What does the cephalic phase of gastric secretion represent

A

Sight, thought, smell of food triggers secretion of acid, mucus and enzymes as well as increased gastric motility

58
Q

what initiates the cephalic phase

A

PARA - vagus fibres

59
Q

What does the gastric phase of secrection represent

A

Food entering stomach causes streching and tiggers secretion and motility

60
Q

What initiates gastric pahse

A

Long vagal fibres and short myenteric reflexes

61
Q

What does the intestinal phase of gastric secretion represent

A

Food in the intestine induces the release of hormones that inhibit motility

62
Q

What initiates the intestinal phase

A

Hormones

63
Q
  1. Which cells in the gastric pit are responsible for secreting mucus and HCO3-?
A

Mucus neck

64
Q

Which cells secrete acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

65
Q

Which cells secrete gastrin

A

G-enteroendocrine

66
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief

67
Q

Which cells secrete somatostatin

A

D-enteroendocrine

68
Q

What does gastrin do

A

Stimulate acid secretion

69
Q

What does somatostatin do

A

Unhibit gastrin secretion and acid secretion

70
Q
  1. What is the pH of the lumen of the GI tract compared to that of the mucus gel
A

Lumen - 1.5

Mucus-gel neutral zone 7.0

71
Q

What is gastric/peptide ulcer disease

A

Breakdown in the mucus gel neutralisation barrier causing damage to the lining of the stomach/small intestine

72
Q

The parietal cells exchnge what ions

A

K in H out

73
Q

Why do pariental cells contain many mitochondria

A

active transport of H+ against steep gradient

74
Q

How is acid secretion controlled by the NS

A

ACh from vagus causes secretion

75
Q

How can acid secretion be controlled by the paracrine system

A

Histamine released from from nearby cells can stimulate acid secretion

76
Q

What causes G enteroendocrine cells to secrete gastrin

A

Detection of increased protein levels

77
Q

What causes D enteroendocrine cells to release somatostatin

A

Acidity of the stomach becomes too low

78
Q

Which type of cells releases histamin

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells

79
Q

What are symptoms of gastric/peptic ulcer disease

A

Abdo pain
Bloating
Nause/vomiting
Haemorrhage

80
Q

Give an example of an endogenous cause of peptic ulcer diease

A

Stress- leads to decrease of HCO3- and thinning of the mucus layer

81
Q

How can alcohol and coffee lead to gastric ulcer disease

A

Stimulate parietal cell leading to increasing in acidity

82
Q

How can NSAIDs lead to gastric ulcer disease

A

Secretion of proteases and endotoxins that degrade tissue of the stomach

83
Q

How can peptic ulcer disease be treated

A

Antacids - neutralise stomach acid, histamine antagonists - ranitide, cimetidine, proton pump inhibitors - omerpraxole, antibiotics, - kill H

84
Q

Name given to the functions regions of the stomach, how do they differ

A

Reservoir – top 2/3, tonic contractions, relax during gastric accommodation to store increased volume of food. Antral Pump – bottom 2/3, phasic contractions, trituration of food

85
Q

Which sphincter allows food into the stomach

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

86
Q

What happens when food enters the stomach

A

Accommodation by receptive relaxation of corpus and fundus

87
Q

Describe peristalsis in the stomach

A

Muscle contraction pushes food toward the pylorus mixing in the antrum

88
Q

Retropulsion

A

During peristalsis in the stomach food is pushed up against the closed pyloric sphincter resulting in being pushed back away

89
Q

Descibe antral systole

A

Peristaltic waves pushed contents of the stomach back towards the body – trituration. Some chyme enters the duodenum where cells detect what is coming out of the stomach

90
Q

Descibe the intestinal phase of gastric motility

A

Arrival of food in the duodenum triggers the release of the hormones CCK and secretin

BMS109 Phys/Pharm (4 decks)

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