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BMS109 Phys/Pharm > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Constituents of the GI tract

A

Mouth oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum anus

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2
Q

Which regions make up the small intestin

A

Duodenuim, jejunum, ileum

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3
Q

Which regions make up the large intestin

A

Colon rectum anus

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4
Q

Accessory structures

A

Parotid, sub-mandibular, sublingual, pancrease, liver, gallbladder, tounger

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5
Q

What is the GI tract function

A

Breakdown of ingested food which can be taken up into the body tissues

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6
Q

What are the two aspects the the role of the GI tract

A

Digestion and absorption

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7
Q

How is the GI tract organised structurally

A

Mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularise and serosa

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8
Q

Which is the innermost layer of the Gi tract and what does it consist of

A

Mucosa - Consists of mucous epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

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9
Q

What two layers make up the muscularis

A

Circ muscle layer

Longitudinal muscle layer

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10
Q

Which layer is referred to as the peritoneum and consists of connective tissue

A

Serosa

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11
Q

What is meant by the pylorus

A

Opening form stomach into duodenum

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12
Q

What are the main roles of the stomach

A

Storage

Mechanical digestion

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13
Q

What region does most absorption occur

A

Small intestin

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14
Q

What is special about the jejunum and ileum

A

3 strata of folding, no definable boundary

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15
Q

Define chyme

A

Semifluid mass of partially digested food that is expelled from the stomach into the duodenum

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16
Q

Describe the chyme found in the large intestin

A

Very little nutrients

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17
Q

What is the roel of the large intestin

A

Absorb of salt, water and sugar

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18
Q

Name the regions of the colon

A

Caecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

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19
Q

Main control mechanisms of the GI tract

A

ANS - symp inhib digestion, para stim
Enteric - Independent from the CNS
Gut peptides - paracrine or hormonal

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20
Q

What are the nerve plexus involved in enteric nervous control of the GI tract

A

Myenteric and sub mucosal plexus

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21
Q

What are the roles of the nerve plexus

A

Sense luminal contents and controls muscles and glands

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22
Q

Where are gut peptides secreted from

A

Enteroendocrine cells in the mucosa

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23
Q

Name some gut peptides

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin

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24
Q

What is motility and secretion controlled by

A

Reflexes

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25
Main differences between intrinsic and extrinsic control reflexes
Int - Short - local stim - local nerve circuits | Ext - Long - ext stimuli - CNS involvement
26
What are enteroendocrine cells
Single cells scattered throughout the GI tract
27
What is the role of EE cells
Detect luminal contents and respond by releasing peptide transmitteres
28
How do EE cells act
Humourally or paracrine
29
What stimulates peristalsis
Distension of the GI tract by bolus
30
What structure mediates peristalsis
Myenteric plexus
31
What are the aspects of peristalsis
Oral contraction followed by aboral relaxation
32
If the bolus is moving away from the anus
Vomitting
33
Does peristalsis require CNS input
No
34
What is Hirchsprungs disease
Congenital disorder due to the absent development of the myenteric plexus, lack of GI innervation, enlarged colon requires surgical removal
35
What is the role of saliva
Solvent or taste Cleans/protects teeth LUbrication Antimicrobial
36
What is the role of the parotid gland
Secretion of saliva into the parotid duct
37
What is the name of the gland that secretes below the tounge
Sub lingual
38
Which salivary gland located below the mandible
Sub mandibular
39
What are the component parts of slaiva
Water, mucous, a-amylase, lipase
40
Which enzyme secreted by the parotid gland
A amylase
41
Which enzyme secreted by the sub lingual
Lipase
42
Descibe salivary gland structure
12+ aciniar cells around central lumen
43
Describe the process of slaivation
Acinar cells produce primary saliva and secrete it into the intercalated duct. The saliva then travels through the striated duct where the ductal cells modify it by reabsorbing Na+ and Cl- and secreting HCO3-. After the striated duct the saliva then passes into the excretory duct where myoepithelial cells contract following nervous system stimulation to bring the saliva into the mouth
44
What are zymogen granules, why are they useful
Zymogen granules are vesicles containing inactive proenzymes that are to be secreted. Only once secreted are these proteins cleaved to their active forms. These prevent damage to our own cells by the protease activity of some of the enzymes.
45
Defiene swallowing
Process by which food passes from mouth to stomach
46
What are the phases of deglutination
Oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal
47
NS 1 peri wave
ANS
48
NS 2 peri wave
ENS
49
What are the four roles of the stomach
Motilitiy, digestion, protection and absorption
50
3 types of motility by the stomach
Accomodation Trituration Emptying
51
Which bio mole does the stomach digest
Protein
52
What is absorbed in the stomach and how
Alcohol and fat soluble drugs | By diffision
53
What are the components of gastric juice
``` Water Ions HCL Pepsinogen Intrinsic factor Mucus Gastrin ```
54
Role of HCL secreted
Lower pH to prevent bacterial grouth and catlayses pepsinogen to pepsin
55
What is the function of pepsinogen
Proenzyme of pepsin
56
What role does intrinsic factor play
Prevent vit B12 breakdown so it can be absorbed in the ileum
57
What does the cephalic phase of gastric secretion represent
Sight, thought, smell of food triggers secretion of acid, mucus and enzymes as well as increased gastric motility
58
what initiates the cephalic phase
PARA - vagus fibres
59
What does the gastric phase of secrection represent
Food entering stomach causes streching and tiggers secretion and motility
60
What initiates gastric pahse
Long vagal fibres and short myenteric reflexes
61
What does the intestinal phase of gastric secretion represent
Food in the intestine induces the release of hormones that inhibit motility
62
What initiates the intestinal phase
Hormones
63
30. Which cells in the gastric pit are responsible for secreting mucus and HCO3-?
Mucus neck
64
Which cells secrete acid and intrinsic factor
Parietal cells
65
Which cells secrete gastrin
G-enteroendocrine
66
Which cells secrete pepsinogen
Chief
67
Which cells secrete somatostatin
D-enteroendocrine
68
What does gastrin do
Stimulate acid secretion
69
What does somatostatin do
Unhibit gastrin secretion and acid secretion
70
37. What is the pH of the lumen of the GI tract compared to that of the mucus gel
Lumen - 1.5 | Mucus-gel neutral zone 7.0
71
What is gastric/peptide ulcer disease
Breakdown in the mucus gel neutralisation barrier causing damage to the lining of the stomach/small intestine
72
The parietal cells exchnge what ions
K in H out
73
Why do pariental cells contain many mitochondria
active transport of H+ against steep gradient
74
How is acid secretion controlled by the NS
ACh from vagus causes secretion
75
How can acid secretion be controlled by the paracrine system
Histamine released from from nearby cells can stimulate acid secretion
76
What causes G enteroendocrine cells to secrete gastrin
Detection of increased protein levels
77
What causes D enteroendocrine cells to release somatostatin
Acidity of the stomach becomes too low
78
Which type of cells releases histamin
Enterochromaffin-like cells
79
What are symptoms of gastric/peptic ulcer disease
Abdo pain Bloating Nause/vomiting Haemorrhage
80
Give an example of an endogenous cause of peptic ulcer diease
Stress- leads to decrease of HCO3- and thinning of the mucus layer
81
How can alcohol and coffee lead to gastric ulcer disease
Stimulate parietal cell leading to increasing in acidity
82
How can NSAIDs lead to gastric ulcer disease
Secretion of proteases and endotoxins that degrade tissue of the stomach
83
How can peptic ulcer disease be treated
Antacids - neutralise stomach acid, histamine antagonists - ranitide, cimetidine, proton pump inhibitors - omerpraxole, antibiotics, - kill H
84
Name given to the functions regions of the stomach, how do they differ
Reservoir – top 2/3, tonic contractions, relax during gastric accommodation to store increased volume of food. Antral Pump – bottom 2/3, phasic contractions, trituration of food
85
Which sphincter allows food into the stomach
Lower oesophageal sphincter
86
What happens when food enters the stomach
Accommodation by receptive relaxation of corpus and fundus
87
Describe peristalsis in the stomach
Muscle contraction pushes food toward the pylorus mixing in the antrum
88
Retropulsion
During peristalsis in the stomach food is pushed up against the closed pyloric sphincter resulting in being pushed back away
89
Descibe antral systole
Peristaltic waves pushed contents of the stomach back towards the body – trituration. Some chyme enters the duodenum where cells detect what is coming out of the stomach
90
Descibe the intestinal phase of gastric motility
Arrival of food in the duodenum triggers the release of the hormones CCK and secretin

BMS109 Phys/Pharm (4 decks)

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