Questions from Class Review

Question 1

Answer 1

When a stressor is recieved by the body it excites receptors in the hypothalamus which stimulates sympathetic pathways and the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary. Simulation of the sympathetic pathway leads to release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) from the adrenal cortex. Stimulation from the anterior pituitary leads to release of corticosteriods (cotrisol) from the adrenal cortex. The release of catecholamines lead to elevation of cardiac output and increased respiration. The release of corticosteroids lead to immunesuppression. If the body is continually responding to stress, it reaches allostatic overload and the body can no longer return to homeostasis. The effects of allostatic overload can lead to hypertension, stroke, immunosuppresion.

Question 2

Answer 2

Damage and anti-damage responses

• damages usually made when a variety of harmful insults attack the body
• anti-damage responses are induced to restore body homeostasis

Alternation of Cause and Result

• cause of disease can produce a result
• this result can also become another cause in evolution of disease

Local and Systemic Relationship

• diseases are systemic
• local alterations by insults are representative of systemic disease

Ex. Neoplasia

Damage and anti damage

• damage: neoplasia
• anti-damage response: activation of tumor suppressor gene p53

Alternation of cause and result

• cause: smoking
• result: lung cancer
• new cause: lung cancer
• result: metastasis

Local and Systemic Relationship

• local: p53 becomes mutated/damaged therefore it is unable to bind to damaged DNA and inhibit cell cycling
• systemic: cancerous cells survive and replicate

Question 3

Answer 3

F