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Pathophysiology > Chapter 2 - Homeostasis and Allostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Homeostasis and Allostasis Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ GAS stage activates the fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus.

A

alarm

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2
Q

_____ involves creating detaield mental image of an attractive and peaceful setting or environment.

A

visualization

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3
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the cardiovascular system.

A

hypertension and stroke

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4
Q

What occurs during the exhaustion GAS stage?

A
  • point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
    • also known as allostatic overload: “cost” of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of “wear and tear” on the body
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5
Q

Clicker: Many of the responses to stress are atributed to activation of the sympathetic nervos system and mediated by:

A) norepinephrine

B) cortisol

C) glucagon

D) ACTH

E) none of the above

A

A

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6
Q

What are the 6 stress responses of body tissues when corticosteroids are released from the adrenal cortex via the anterior pituitary?

A
  • gluconeogenesis
  • protein catabolism
  • inhibition of glucose uptake
  • suppression of protein synthesis
  • stabilization of vascular reactivity immune response suppression
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7
Q

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine occurs during what GAS stage?

a) alarm
b) resistane
c) exhaustion

A
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8
Q

Describe the neuroendocrine interactions in response to a stressor.

A
  • receptors excited by stressful stimuli and relay information to the hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus signals the adrenal cortex via 2 pathways
    • adrenocorticotropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary
      • corticosteroids (glucocorticoids; predominantly cortisol) mediate stress response
    • sympathetic pathways via the autonomic nervous system
      • catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) mediate stress response
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9
Q

_____ involves focusing on deep breathing and tuning into your own body.

A

meditation

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10
Q

What occurs during the resistance/adaptation GAS stage?

A
  • activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis
    • known as an allostatic state: activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis
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11
Q

Increased heart rate and tense muscles are what type of response to stress?

A

physiological

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12
Q

What are 5 distress relief strategies?

A
  • get physical
    • exercise
  • get mental
    • talk to a counsellor
  • get spiritual
    • meditate
  • use body and mind together
    • take a break
  • develop new skills
    • practice a hobby
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13
Q

Diseases of adaptation occur during which GAS stage?

a) alarm
b) resistance
c) exhaustion

A

c

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14
Q

True or false: risk factors are conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor

A

true

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15
Q

What is allostasis?

A
  • ability to successfully adapt to challenges
  • intricate regulatory processes orchestrated in the brain
  • a dynamic process that maintains or re-establishes homeostasis in light of environmental and life changes
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16
Q

What are the 2 adaptation methods for stress?

A

1) habituation
2) desensitization

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17
Q

Hurrying and being less patient are what types of response to stress?

A

behavioural

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18
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the genitourinary system.

A

sexual dysfunction and menstrual irregularity

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19
Q

Worry, forgetfulness and lack of concentration are what type of response to stress?

A

cognitive

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20
Q

Increased resistance to stressor occurs during which GAS stage?

A

resistance

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21
Q

True or false: chemical mediators, such as cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines, from the stress response can contribute to illnesses.

A

true

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22
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the immune system.

A

autoimmune disease and immunosupression

23
Q

When does distress occur?

A

When your level of stress is too high and your body and/or mind begin to respond negatively to the stressors

24
Q

What is homeostasis?

A
  • remaining stable while staying the same
  • a state in which all systems are in balance
  • a state of equilibrium
  • an ideal “set point” despite alterations within the body
25
Q

stressors

A
26
Q

True or false: the terms “adaptation” and “coping” cannot be used interchangeably.

A

False, they can.

27
Q

Normalization of sympathetic nervous system activity and epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion occurs during which GAS stage?

a) alarm
b) resistance
c) exhaustion

A

b

28
Q

Reduced resistance to stressors occurs during which GAS stage?

A

alarm

29
Q

Loss of resistance to stress and possible death of an organism occurs during what GAS stage?

a) alarm
b) resistance
c) exhaustion

A

c

30
Q

What occurs during the alarm stage?

A
  • fight-or-flight response
  • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activiation causing:
    • increased heart rate (cardiac response)
    • increased respiration (respiratory response)
    • decreased temperature (skin response)
    • increased stimulation of adrenal glands which produce an adrenal rush (hormonal response)
31
Q

What is stress?

A
  • physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body or mind
  • actual physical and mental state that tension produces
  • real or percieved threat to homeostasis
  • direct consciously or indirecty unconsciously sensed threat to stability of the organism
32
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the nervous system.

A

anxiety, depression

33
Q

What are 3 types of desensitization?

A

1) biofeedback
2) visualization
3) meditation

34
Q

When does eustress occur?

A

when your level of stress is high enough to motivate you into action to get things accomplished

35
Q

What is adaptation?

A

biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin

36
Q

What are the three general adaptation syndrome (GAS) stages?

A

1) alarm
2) resistance
3) exhaustion

37
Q

What is desensitization?

A
  • training the hypothalamus to react less forcefully to a stressor
  • changing brian waves from beta waves to alpha waves which are slower and more normal
38
Q

_______ is the optimal amount of stress

A

eustress

39
Q

Anger and sense of dread are what types of response to stress?

A

emotional

40
Q

(Eustress/distress) is positive stress. (Eustress/distress) is negative stress.

A

eustress

distress

41
Q

_______ are agents or conditions that can produce stress and endanger homeostasis.

A
42
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the integumentary (skin) system.

A

acne and hair loss

43
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the gastroinestinal system.

A

irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea

44
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the respiratory system.

A

increased respiration and asthma

45
Q

What is habituation?

A

becoming “habituated” to a stressor (ex. loud noise is a stressor but people who live close to busy airports barely notice the noise of planes flying over their homes)

46
Q

Clicker: Which stage of the GAS facilitats the individual’s allostatic restoration of homeostasis?

A) alarm

B) resistance

C) exhaustion

D) allostatic load

A

b

47
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the endocrine system.

A

diabetes mellitis and hyperglycemia

48
Q

What is coping?

A

beahvioural adaptive response to a stressor baed on coping mechanisms

49
Q

What are the 7 stress responses of body tissues when catecholamines are released from the adrenal cortex via sympathetic pathways of autonomic nervous system?

A
  • elevation of cardiac output
  • vasomotor changes
  • lipolysis
  • glycogenolysis
  • insulin suppression
  • increased respiration
  • enhanced blood coagulation
50
Q

What are the 4 main categories for responses to stress?

A
  1. physiological
  2. cognitive
  3. emotional
  4. behavioural
51
Q

Resolution to fight-or-flight manifestations occur during which GAS stage?

a) alarm
b) resistance
c) exhaustion

A

b

52
Q

______ is percieved inability to cope with a stressor.

A

distress

53
Q

During ______, electrodes are attached to your skin which display a sound, flash of light, or image that represents your heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, etc.

A

biofeedback

54
Q

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the musculoskeletal system.

A

tension headaches and rhumatoid arthritis

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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