Chapter 2 - Homeostasis and Allostasis

Question 1

The ______ GAS stage activates the fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus.

Answer 1

alarm

Question 2

_____ involves creating detaield mental image of an attractive and peaceful setting or environment.

Answer 2

visualization

Question 3

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the cardiovascular system.

Answer 3

hypertension and stroke

Question 4

What occurs during the exhaustion GAS stage?

Answer 4

• point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
  
  • also known as allostatic overload: “cost” of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of “wear and tear” on the body

Question 5

Clicker: Many of the responses to stress are atributed to activation of the sympathetic nervos system and mediated by:

A) norepinephrine

B) cortisol

C) glucagon

D) ACTH

E) none of the above

Answer 5

A

Question 6

What are the 6 stress responses of body tissues when corticosteroids are released from the adrenal cortex via the anterior pituitary?

Answer 6

• gluconeogenesis
• protein catabolism
• inhibition of glucose uptake
• suppression of protein synthesis
• stabilization of vascular reactivity immune response suppression

Question 7

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine occurs during what GAS stage?

a) alarm
b) resistane
c) exhaustion

Question 8

Describe the neuroendocrine interactions in response to a stressor.

Answer 8

• receptors excited by stressful stimuli and relay information to the hypothalamus
• hypothalamus signals the adrenal cortex via 2 pathways
  
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary
    
    • corticosteroids (glucocorticoids; predominantly cortisol) mediate stress response
  • sympathetic pathways via the autonomic nervous system
    
    • catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) mediate stress response

Question 9

_____ involves focusing on deep breathing and tuning into your own body.

Answer 9

meditation

Question 10

What occurs during the resistance/adaptation GAS stage?

Answer 10

• activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis
  
  • known as an allostatic state: activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis

Question 11

Increased heart rate and tense muscles are what type of response to stress?

Answer 11

physiological

Question 12

What are 5 distress relief strategies?

Answer 12

• get physical
  
  • exercise
• get mental
  
  • talk to a counsellor
• get spiritual
  
  • meditate
• use body and mind together
  
  • take a break
• develop new skills
  
  • practice a hobby

Question 13

Diseases of adaptation occur during which GAS stage?

a) alarm
b) resistance
c) exhaustion

Answer 13

c

Question 14

True or false: risk factors are conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor

Answer 14

true

Question 15

What is allostasis?

Answer 15

• ability to successfully adapt to challenges
• intricate regulatory processes orchestrated in the brain
• a dynamic process that maintains or re-establishes homeostasis in light of environmental and life changes

Question 16

What are the 2 adaptation methods for stress?

Answer 16

1) habituation
2) desensitization

Question 17

Hurrying and being less patient are what types of response to stress?

Answer 17

behavioural

Question 18

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the genitourinary system.

Answer 18

sexual dysfunction and menstrual irregularity

Question 19

Worry, forgetfulness and lack of concentration are what type of response to stress?

Answer 19

cognitive

Question 20

Increased resistance to stressor occurs during which GAS stage?

Answer 20

resistance

Question 21

True or false: chemical mediators, such as cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines, from the stress response can contribute to illnesses.

Answer 21

true

Question 22

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the immune system.

Answer 22

autoimmune disease and immunosupression

Question 23

When does distress occur?

Answer 23

When your level of stress is too high and your body and/or mind begin to respond negatively to the stressors

Question 24

What is homeostasis?

Answer 24

• remaining stable while staying the same
• a state in which all systems are in balance
• a state of equilibrium
• an ideal “set point” despite alterations within the body

Question 25

stressors

Question 26

True or false: the terms "adaptation" and "coping" cannot be used interchangeably.

Answer 26

False, they can.

Question 27

**Normalization** of sympathetic nervous system activity and epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion occurs during which GAS stage? ## Footnote a) alarm b) resistance c) exhaustion

Answer 27

b

Question 28

Reduced resistance to stressors occurs during which GAS stage?

Answer 28

alarm

Question 29

Loss of resistance to stress and possible death of an organism occurs during what GAS stage? ## Footnote a) alarm b) resistance c) exhaustion

Answer 29

c

Question 30

What occurs during the alarm stage?

Answer 30

* fight-or-flight response * hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activiation causing: * increased heart rate (cardiac response) * increased respiration (respiratory response) * decreased temperature (skin response) * increased stimulation of adrenal glands which produce an adrenal rush (hormonal response)

Question 31

What is stress?

Answer 31

* physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body or mind * actual physical and mental state that tension produces * real or percieved threat to homeostasis * direct consciously or indirecty unconsciously sensed threat to stability of the organism

Question 32

Name 2 health implications of **_allostatic overload_** in the nervous system.

Answer 32

anxiety, depression

Question 33

What are 3 types of desensitization?

Answer 33

1) biofeedback 2) visualization 3) meditation

Question 34

When does eustress occur?

Answer 34

when your level of stress is high enough to motivate you into action to get things accomplished

Question 35

What is adaptation?

Answer 35

biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin

Question 36

What are the three general adaptation syndrome (GAS) stages?

Answer 36

1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion

Question 37

What is desensitization?

Answer 37

* training the hypothalamus to react less forcefully to a stressor * changing brian waves from beta waves to alpha waves which are slower and more normal

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the optimal amount of stress

Answer 38

eustress

Question 39

Anger and sense of dread are what types of response to stress?

Answer 39

emotional

Question 40

(Eustress/distress) is positive stress. (Eustress/distress) is negative stress.

Answer 40

eustress distress

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are agents or conditions that can produce stress and endanger homeostasis.

Question 42

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the integumentary (skin) system.

Answer 42

acne and hair loss

Question 43

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the gastroinestinal system.

Answer 43

irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea

Question 44

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the respiratory system.

Answer 44

increased respiration and asthma

Question 45

What is habituation?

Answer 45

becoming "habituated" to a stressor (ex. loud noise is a stressor but people who live close to busy airports barely notice the noise of planes flying over their homes)

Question 46

Clicker: Which stage of the GAS facilitats the individual's allostatic restoration of homeostasis? ## Footnote A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) allostatic load

Answer 46

b

Question 47

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the endocrine system.

Answer 47

diabetes mellitis and hyperglycemia

Question 48

What is coping?

Answer 48

beahvioural adaptive response to a stressor baed on coping mechanisms

Question 49

What are the 7 stress responses of body tissues when **_catecholamines_** are released from the adrenal cortex via sympathetic pathways of autonomic nervous system?

Answer 49

* elevation of cardiac output * vasomotor changes * lipolysis * glycogenolysis * insulin suppression * increased respiration * enhanced blood coagulation

Question 50

What are the 4 main categories for responses to stress?

Answer 50

1. physiological 2. cognitive 3. emotional 4. behavioural

Question 51

**Resolution** to fight-or-flight manifestations occur during which GAS stage? ## Footnote a) alarm b) resistance c) exhaustion

Answer 51

b

Question 52

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is percieved inability to cope with a stressor.

Answer 52

distress

Question 53

During \_\_\_\_\_\_, electrodes are attached to your skin which display a sound, flash of light, or image that represents your heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, etc.

Answer 53

biofeedback

Question 54

Name 2 health implications of allostatic overload in the musculoskeletal system.

Answer 54

tension headaches and rhumatoid arthritis