Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology Flashcards
Nausea is a (sign/symptom) whereas vomitting is a (sign/symptom)
nausea = symptom
vomitting = sign
True or false: getting diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers decrease with age
False – they increase with age
What is an acquired disease?
It is encountered after birth (i.e. via biological agents, physical forces, or chemical agents)
Noise and vibration are examples of what type of extrinsic etiological factor?
physical agent
What 2 factors must be considered when determining etiological diseases?
1) extrinsic (environmental)
2) intrinsic (inside the body)
Spina bifida, cleft palate, and clubfoot are all examples bestowing to what type of etiological factor?
congenital
What is the best treatment of a disease?
prevention
What are the 4 basic mechanisms of disease?
1) neural
2) humoral
3) cellular
4) molecular
Select all that apply to pathology.
a) describes the abnormal or undesired condition
b) emphasizes the structural changes
c) focuseses on the functional and metabolic alterations and the mechanisms
d) all of the above
d
What are the 4 intrinsic etiological factors?
1) genetic factors
2) congential factors
3) immunological factors
4) psychological factors
What are the 3 main etiological factors involved in diseases?
1) causative
2) predisposing - something inherent that may lead to a problem
3) precipitating factors - triggers the predisposition
What is pathogenesis?
The sequence of events in the development (evolution) of a disease.
What is a sequela?
subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness
True or false: young people are prone to accidents
true
_______ is a description of how etiological factors are thought to affect physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disease.
pathogenesis
What is an idiopathic disease?
the cause is unknown
What is an etiological factor?
Causes the disease which determines the clinical features of the disease
(Acute clinical/chronic clinical) course is short lived and may have severe manifestations.
Acute clinical
What is pathophysiology?
a convergence of pathology and physiology that seeks to explain the physiological processes or mechanisms associated with or resulting from disease or injury
What is convalescence?
a stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure
Pick one: MS and osteoporosis are more frequently found in (women/men).
women
Autoimmune diseases such as lupus are examples of what type of etiological factor?
immunological
What is a clinical manifestation?
An indication that the person is sick
(Acute clinical/Chronic clinical) course may last months to years and sometimes follows an acute course.
chronic clinical
A period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent.
latent/incubation period
What is pathobiology?
the study of pathology with greater emphasis on the biological aspects rather than the medical aspects
What occurs when harmful insults attack the body?
anti-damage responses are induced to restore homeostasis
What is an iatrogenic disease?
cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
_______ answers why disease happens and identifies causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury
etiology
A _____ disease has a genetic cause.
genetic
What is the latent/incubation period?
Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and symptoms
What is the difference between signs, symptoms and syndromes?
- signs - objective or observed manifestation of disease
- observable or measurable traits visible to the observing health care provider
- symptoms - subjective feeling of abnormality in the body
- unobservable effects of a disease reported by the patient
- syndrome: when etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined
- a characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease
What are 5 environmental predisposing risk factors?
1) air pollution
2) water pollution
3) poor living conditions
4) excessive noise
5) chronic psychological stress
What is pathology?
a medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state
What is a subclinical stage?
patient functions normally but disease processes are well established
True or false: the old are prone to drug interactions
true
Pick one: gout and Parkinson’s disease are more frequently found in (women/men).
men
Bacterial pneumonia resulting from a viral infection of the respiratory tract is an example of:
a) sequela
b) convalescence
c) complication
d) remission
c
A virus is an example of what type of extrinsic etiological factor?
biological agent
What is remission?
decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms and may indicate disease is cured
Huntington’s, Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis are all diseases bestowing to ______ factors.
genetic
Prenatal diagnosis of certain diseases an example of what type of prevention?
secondary
Which factor indicates that genes are responsible for a structural or functional defect?
a) genetic
b) congenital
c) immunological
d) psychological
a)
Chronic renal disease can completely destroy one kidney and partly destroy the other before any symptoms related to a decrease in renal function are percieved. What stage/clinical course is this ane example of?
subclinical stage
Schizophrenia, dementia, anxiety are all examples bestowing to what etiological factor?
psychological
Yearly physical exams and routine screenings are an example of what type of prevention?
a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary
b
What are the three levels of prevention?
1) primary: altering susceptibiliy or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
2) secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease
3) tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
Which factor indiciates that genetic information is intact, but the intrauterine environment interferes with normal development?
a) genetic
b) congenital
c) immunological
d) psychological
b)
Scarring is an example of a _____.
sequela
Abstience from sex and “just say no” drug programs are an example of what level of prevention?
a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary
a
Perilous (dangerous) occupation, smoking, excess alcohol, poor nutrition, and sedentary activity are all examples of what predisposing factor?
lifestyle
Physiopathology, physiology of disease, physiology of disordered function are three different names for ________.
pathophysiology
What is physiology?
a biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism
The ______ has a central role in regulating entire life activities. Thus, disorders in the CNS will affect the corresponding PNS.
neural system
What is an acute phase?
disease/illness reaches its full intensity
Immunizations are an example of what level of prevention?
primary
True or False: A predisposing factor intensifies the effects of causative factors and promotes the onset and development of diseases.
True
What are the 3 general rules for pathogenesis of disease?
1) damage and anti-damage responses
2) alternation of cause and result
3) local-systemic relationship
AIDS was originally detected as a set of signs and symptoms related to deficiency of helper T cells of unknown cause, now known to be a late stage of HIV infection. Prior to this knowledge, AIDS was a _______.
syndrome
What are the 4 extrinsinc etiological factors?
1) biological agents
2) chemical agents
3) physical agents
4) nutritional imbalance
What is etiology?
A discipline that studies the causative agents contributing to disease (i.e. microorganisms, environmental factors, social factors and personal habits)
True or false: Genetic predisposition + a certain type of environment can lead to mental retardation, lung cancer, etc.
True
What is exacerbation?
A sudden increase in severity of disease or signs or symptoms
Access to proper food, housing, sanitation, and economy is an example of what type of prevention?
a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary
a
What is the prodromal period?
time during which signs and/or symptoms apear indicating onset of disease
What is a predisposing risk factor?
A factor that increases the likelihood of disease
A _______ disease interferes with intrauterine development.
congenital
What are the 5 predisposing risk factors?
1) age
2) sex
3) lifestyle
4) environment
5) hereditary
Diseases caused by mercury bestow to what type of extrinsic etiological factor?
chemical
Medical treatments (physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, experimental gene therapy) and surgery are all examples of what type of prevention?
tertiary
What is a complication?
a new or separate process that may arise secondarily because of some change produced by the original problem
