Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology

Question 1

Nausea is a (sign/symptom) whereas vomitting is a (sign/symptom)

Answer 1

nausea = symptom

vomitting = sign

Question 2

True or false: getting diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers decrease with age

Answer 2

False – they increase with age

Question 3

What is an acquired disease?

Answer 3

It is encountered after birth (i.e. via biological agents, physical forces, or chemical agents)

Question 4

Noise and vibration are examples of what type of extrinsic etiological factor?

Answer 4

physical agent

Question 5

What 2 factors must be considered when determining etiological diseases?

Answer 5

1) extrinsic (environmental)
2) intrinsic (inside the body)

Question 6

Spina bifida, cleft palate, and clubfoot are all examples bestowing to what type of etiological factor?

Answer 6

congenital

Question 7

What is the best treatment of a disease?

Answer 7

prevention

Question 8

What are the 4 basic mechanisms of disease?

Answer 8

1) neural
2) humoral
3) cellular
4) molecular

Question 9

Select all that apply to pathology.

a) describes the abnormal or undesired condition
b) emphasizes the structural changes
c) focuseses on the functional and metabolic alterations and the mechanisms
d) all of the above

Answer 9

d

Question 10

What are the 4 intrinsic etiological factors?

Answer 10

1) genetic factors
2) congential factors
3) immunological factors
4) psychological factors

Question 11

What are the 3 main etiological factors involved in diseases?

Answer 11

1) causative
2) predisposing - something inherent that may lead to a problem
3) precipitating factors - triggers the predisposition

Question 12

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 12

The sequence of events in the development (evolution) of a disease.

Question 13

What is a sequela?

Answer 13

subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness

Question 14

True or false: young people are prone to accidents

Answer 14

true

Question 15

_______ is a description of how etiological factors are thought to affect physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disease.

Answer 15

pathogenesis

Question 16

What is an idiopathic disease?

Answer 16

the cause is unknown

Question 17

What is an etiological factor?

Answer 17

Causes the disease which determines the clinical features of the disease

Question 18

(Acute clinical/chronic clinical) course is short lived and may have severe manifestations.

Answer 18

Acute clinical

Question 19

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 19

a convergence of pathology and physiology that seeks to explain the physiological processes or mechanisms associated with or resulting from disease or injury

Question 20

What is convalescence?

Answer 20

a stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

Question 21

Pick one: MS and osteoporosis are more frequently found in (women/men).

Answer 21

women

Question 22

Autoimmune diseases such as lupus are examples of what type of etiological factor?

Answer 22

immunological

Question 23

What is a clinical manifestation?

Answer 23

An indication that the person is sick

Question 24

(Acute clinical/Chronic clinical) course may last months to years and sometimes follows an acute course.

Answer 24

chronic clinical

Question 25

A period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent.

Answer 25

latent/incubation period

Question 26

What is pathobiology?

Answer 26

the study of pathology with greater emphasis on the biological aspects rather than the medical aspects

Question 27

What occurs when harmful insults attack the body?

Answer 27

anti-damage responses are induced to restore homeostasis

Question 28

What is an iatrogenic disease?

Answer 28

cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

Question 29

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ answers why disease happens and identifies causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury

Answer 29

etiology

Question 30

A _____ disease has a genetic cause.

Answer 30

genetic

Question 31

What is the latent/incubation period?

Answer 31

Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and symptoms

Question 32

What is the difference between signs, symptoms and syndromes?

Answer 32

* signs - objective or observed manifestation of disease * observable or measurable traits visible to the observing health care provider * symptoms - subjective feeling of abnormality in the body * unobservable effects of a disease reported by the patient * syndrome: when etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined * a characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease

Question 33

What are 5 environmental predisposing risk factors?

Answer 33

1) air pollution 2) water pollution 3) poor living conditions 4) excessive noise 5) chronic psychological stress

Question 34

What is pathology?

Answer 34

a medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state

Question 35

What is a subclinical stage?

Answer 35

patient functions normally but disease processes are well established

Question 36

True or false: the old are prone to drug interactions

Answer 36

true

Question 37

Pick one: gout and Parkinson's disease are more frequently found in (women/men).

Answer 37

men

Question 38

Bacterial pneumonia resulting from a viral infection of the respiratory tract is an example of: a) sequela b) convalescence c) complication d) remission

Answer 38

c

Question 39

A virus is an example of what type of extrinsic etiological factor?

Answer 39

biological agent

Question 40

What is remission?

Answer 40

decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms and may indicate disease is cured

Question 41

Huntington's, Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis are all diseases bestowing to ______ factors.

Answer 41

genetic

Question 42

Prenatal diagnosis of certain diseases an example of what type of prevention?

Answer 42

secondary

Question 43

Which factor indicates that genes are responsible for a structural or functional defect? a) genetic b) congenital c) immunological d) psychological

Answer 43

a)

Question 44

Chronic renal disease can completely destroy one kidney and partly destroy the other before any symptoms related to a decrease in renal function are percieved. What stage/clinical course is this ane example of?

Answer 44

subclinical stage

Question 45

Schizophrenia, dementia, anxiety are all examples bestowing to what etiological factor?

Answer 45

psychological

Question 46

Yearly physical exams and routine screenings are an example of what type of prevention? a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary

Answer 46

b

Question 47

What are the three levels of prevention?

Answer 47

1) primary: altering susceptibiliy or reducing exposure for susceptible persons 2) secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease 3) tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning

Question 48

Which factor indiciates that genetic information is intact, but the intrauterine environment interferes with normal development? a) genetic b) congenital c) immunological d) psychological

Answer 48

b)

Question 49

Scarring is an example of a \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 49

sequela

Question 50

Abstience from sex and "just say no" drug programs are an example of what level of prevention? a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary

Answer 50

a

Question 51

Perilous (dangerous) occupation, smoking, excess alcohol, poor nutrition, and sedentary activity are all examples of what predisposing factor?

Answer 51

lifestyle

Question 52

Physiopathology, physiology of disease, physiology of disordered function are three different names for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 52

pathophysiology

Question 53

What is physiology?

Answer 53

a biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism

Question 54

The ______ has a central role in regulating entire life activities. Thus, disorders in the CNS will affect the corresponding PNS.

Answer 54

neural system

Question 55

What is an acute phase?

Answer 55

disease/illness reaches its full intensity

Question 56

Immunizations are an example of what level of prevention?

Answer 56

primary

Question 57

True or False: A predisposing factor intensifies the effects of causative factors and promotes the onset and development of diseases.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

What are the 3 general rules for pathogenesis of disease?

Answer 58

1) damage and anti-damage responses 2) alternation of cause and result 3) local-systemic relationship

Question 59

AIDS was originally detected as a set of signs and symptoms related to deficiency of helper T cells of unknown cause, now known to be a late stage of HIV infection. Prior to this knowledge, AIDS was a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 59

syndrome

Question 60

What are the 4 extrinsinc etiological factors?

Answer 60

1) biological agents 2) chemical agents 3) physical agents 4) nutritional imbalance

Question 61

What is etiology?

Answer 61

A discipline that studies the causative agents contributing to disease (i.e. microorganisms, environmental factors, social factors and personal habits)

Question 62

True or false: Genetic predisposition + a certain type of environment can lead to mental retardation, lung cancer, etc.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

What is exacerbation?

Answer 63

A sudden increase in severity of disease or signs or symptoms

Question 64

Access to proper food, housing, sanitation, and economy is an example of what type of prevention? a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary

Answer 64

a

Question 65

What is the prodromal period?

Answer 65

time during which signs and/or symptoms apear indicating onset of disease

Question 66

What is a predisposing risk factor?

Answer 66

A factor that increases the likelihood of disease

Question 67

A _______ disease interferes with intrauterine development.

Answer 67

congenital

Question 68

What are the 5 predisposing risk factors?

Answer 68

1) age 2) sex 3) lifestyle 4) environment 5) hereditary

Question 69

Diseases caused by mercury bestow to what type of extrinsic etiological factor?

Answer 69

chemical

Question 70

Medical treatments (physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, experimental gene therapy) and surgery are all examples of what type of prevention?

Answer 70

tertiary

Question 71

What is a complication?

Answer 71

a new or separate process that may arise secondarily because of some change produced by the original problem