Questions for chapter 25 Flashcards
Which kidney structure merges with the ureter?
Renal pelvis
From inside to outside, select the correct order of the supportive tissues that surround each kidney
(fibrous capsule, perirenal fat capsule, renal fascia)
Filtrate in the glomerular capsule empties into which structure?
proximal convoluted tubule: The glomerular capsule empties into the first part of the renal tubule, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The walls of the highly coiled PCT have microvilli, which greatly increases the surface area available for reabsorption.
Which description characterizes a juxtamedullary nephron?
The glomerulus lies close to the cortex-medulla junction: Juxtamedullary nephrons lie close to the cortex-medulla junction, extend long nephron loops deep into the medulla, have efferent arterioles that supply vasa recta instead of peritubular capillaries, and make up about 15% of nephrons.
Tubular reabsorption involves the movement of substances from the
(renal tubule to the peritubular capillaries): In tubular reabsorption, select substances from the filtrate in the renal tubule are moved back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries. This includes water and useful solutes such as glucose and amino acids.
Which of the pressures that determine net filtration pressure (NFP) is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPGC): Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPGC) is essentially the blood pressure that forces water and solutes out of blood. The intrinsic and extrinsic control mechanisms maintain GFR primarily by changing HPGC.
In which part of the nephron does most reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule: The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) normally reabsorb 65% of the water and sodium ions and all the glucose and amino acids from the filtrate.
Which substance is secreted into the renal tubules?
Urea: Tubular secretion moves unwanted substances from the blood to the filtration within the renal tubule. Unwanted substances include the nitrogenous wastes urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Secretion also removes certain drugs and metabolites, as well as excess potassium and hydrogen ions.
Which of the following results from dehydration?
increased reabsorption of water from collecting ducts: Dehydration triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. ADH increases the number of aquaporins (water channels) in the collecting ducts. Reabsorbed water returns to the blood from the filtrate. Up to 99% of water is reabsorbed with maximal ADH secretion. A small volume of concentrated urine results.
Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine?
Hemoglobin: Abnormal constituents of urine include hemoglobin, glucose, plasma proteins, bile pigments, blood cells, and unusually high concentrations of any solute. Possible causes of hemoglobin in urine include hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, and severe burns.
What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
The region is outlined by the openings to the urethra and ureters.
Select the true statement regarding micturition.
(Increased parasympathetic activity stimulates contraction of the detrusor) The autonomic and somatic nervous systems control micturition, the emptying of the urinary bladder. Increased parasympathetic and decreased sympathetic activity causes contraction of the detrusor and opening of the internal urethral sphincter. Decreased somatic motor nerve activity opens the external urethral sphincter.
The lowest blood concentration of nitrogenous waste occurs in the
Renal vein
The glomerular capillaries differ from other capillary networks in the body because they
B- are derived from and drain into arterioles, (d) are sites of filtrate formation.
Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the
collecting ducts.
Which is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule cells? (a) Calcium , (b) Potassium, (c) amino acids, (d) all of the above.
(d) all of the above.
Glucose is not normally found in the urine because it (a) does not pass through the walls of the glomerulus, (b) is kept in the blood by colloid osmotic pressure, (c) is reabsorbed by the tubule cells, (d) is removed by the body cells before the blood reaches the kidney.
c- is reabsorbed by the tubule cells
Filtration at the glomerulus is inversely related to (a) water reabsorption, (b) capsular hydrostatic pressure, (c) arterial blood pressure, (d) acidity of the urine.
b-capsular hydrostatic pressure.
Tubular reabsorption (a) of glucose and many other substances is a -limited active transport process, (b) of chloride is always linked to the passive transport of, (c) is the movement of substances from the blood into the nephron, (d) of sodium occurs only in the proximal tubule.
a -limited active transport process.
If a freshly voided urine sample contains excessive amounts of urochrome, it has (a) an ammonia-like odor, (b) a pH below normal, (c) a dark yellow color, (d) a pH above normal.
(c) a dark yellow color
Which of the following is/are true about ADH? (a) It promotes obligatory water reabsorption, (b) it is secreted in response to an increase in extracellular fluid osmolality, (c) it causes insertion of aquaporins in the PCT, (d) it promotes reabsorption.
(b) it is secreted in response to an increase in extracellular fluid osmolality
(d) it promotes reabsorption.
What is the importance of the perirenal fat capsule that surrounds the kidney?
protecting, stabilizing, and insulating the kidneys.
Define micturition and describe the micturition reflex.
coordinates the actions of bladder muscle contraction and sphincter relaxation, allowing urine to be stored or expelled as needed. This reflex ensures effective and controlled urination, balancing involuntary and voluntary components to maintain continence.
