Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 2 > ch 27 > Flashcards

ch 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis purpose and outcome

A
  • Purpose: Cell division for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.
  • Outcome: Produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells (same number
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stages of the mitosis

A
  1. Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
  2. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plate.
  3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  4. Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes, which decondense, and the cell begins to divide.
  5. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Meiosis purpose and outcome

A
  • Purpose: Production of gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction.
  • Outcome: Produces four genetically unique haploid cells (half the chromosome number of the original cell).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stages of the meiosis 1

A
  1. Prophase I: Chromosomes pair up in homologous pairs and exchange segments (crossing over), increasing genetic diversity.
  2. Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell equator.
  3. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes (not sister chromatids) are separated to opposite poles.
  4. Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Two haploid cells form, each with half the number of chromosomes, but each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stages of the meiosis 2

A
  1. Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again in each haploid cell.
  2. Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the equator in both cells.
  3. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  4. Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Results in four genetically unique haploid cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Key Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

A
  • Chromosome Number: Mitosis maintains the diploid number, while meiosis reduces it to haploid.
  • Genetic Variation: Mitosis produces identical cells; meiosis introduces genetic diversity through crossing over and independent assortment.
  • Divisions: Mitosis has one division, while meiosis includes two rounds (Meiosis I and Meiosis II).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oogenesis location

A

Ovaries in females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oogenesis Process:

A
  1. Begins before birth: In the fetal stage, oogonia (diploid stem cells) undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes, which begin meiosis I but pause at prophase I.
  2. After puberty: Each month, one primary oocyte resumes meiosis I in response to hormonal signals. This oocyte divides into two cells—a large secondary oocyte and a smaller first polar body (which typically degenerates).
  3. Ovulation: The secondary oocyte is released during ovulation. It begins meiosis II but pauses at metaphase II unless fertilization occurs.
  4. If fertilized: The secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, forming a mature ovum and a second polar body. The mature ovum then combines with sperm to form a zygote.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spermatogenesis Location

A

Seminiferous tubules in the testes of males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spermatogenesis Process

A
  1. Begins at puberty: Spermatogonia (diploid stem cells) divide by mitosis, creating two cell types—Type A cells (maintain the germ line) and Type B cells (develop into sperm).
  2. Meiosis I: Type B cells (now primary spermatocytes) undergo meiosis I to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
  3. Meiosis II: Each secondary spermatocyte quickly undergoes meiosis II, resulting in four haploid spermatids.
  4. Spermiogenesis: Spermatids undergo further maturation, developing a flagellum, acrosome (enzyme cap), and losing excess cytoplasm to become fully formed spermatozoa (sperm).
    * End Result: Four functional sperm cells per spermatogonium, optimized for mobility and fertilization.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Key Differences of oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A
  • Timing: Oogenesis largely completes in the fetal period with pauses, while spermatogenesis is a continuous process from puberty onward.
  • Output: Oogenesis produces one egg with ample cytoplasm per cycle; spermatogenesis produces four motile sperm per cycle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH):

A

o Secreted by the hypothalamus.
o Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):

A

o Released by the anterior pituitary.
o Stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in the ovaries.
o Supports granulosa cells in the follicles to produce estrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH):

A

o Also released by the anterior pituitary.
o Triggers ovulation by causing the mature follicle to release the secondary oocyte.
o LH surge leads to the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Estrogen

A

o Produced by granulosa cells in the follicles.
o Regulates the development of the female reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and helps prepare the endometrium for potential implantation.
o High levels trigger the LH surge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Progesterone:

A

o Secreted mainly by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
o Maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus, essential for supporting early pregnancy.
o Inhibits further release of FSH and LH during the luteal phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inhibin

A

o Secreted by the granulosa cells.
o Inhibits FSH release, preventing the maturation of additional follicles during the cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Testes

A

o Male gonads located in the scrotum.
o Produce sperm through spermatogenesis and secrete testosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epididymis

A

o A coiled duct on the testis where sperm mature and gain motility.
o Stores sperm until ejaculation.

19
Q

Ductus (Vas) Deferens:

A

o A tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation

20
Q

Ejaculatory Duct:

A

o Formed by the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle.
o Passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra.

21
Q

Urethra

A

o Carries both urine and semen out of the body through the penis (but never simultaneously).

22
Q

Penis

A

o Male copulatory organ.
o Contains erectile tissues (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum) that fill with blood to produce an erection.

23
Q

Seminal Vesicles:

A

o Glands that produce a yellowish fluid rich in fructose, which provides energy for sperm and makes up a large portion of semen.

24
Q

Prostate Gland:

A

o Surrounds the urethra below the bladder.
o Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that activates sperm and is part of semen.

25
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands:

A

o Produce a clear mucus that lubricates and neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra before ejaculation

26
Q

Ovaries

A

o Female gonads that produce oocytes (eggs) and secrete estrogen and progesterone.
o Located in the pelvic cavity.

27
Q

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes:

A

o Extend from the ovaries to the uterus.
o The site of fertilization, where the egg and sperm meet.
o Contains fimbriae (finger-like projections) that help guide the released egg into the tube.

28
Q

Uterus

A

o A muscular, hollow organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.
o Composed of three layers: the perimetrium (outer), myometrium (muscular middle), and endometrium (inner lining that sheds during menstruation).

29
Q

Cervix

A

o The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
o Produces mucus that changes consistency during the menstrual cycle to facilitate or inhibit sperm passage.

30
Q

Vagina

A

o A muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external body.
o Serves as the birth canal, the exit for menstrual flow, and the female organ of copulation.

31
Q
  1. External Genitalia (Vulva):
A

o Includes structures such as the labia majora and labia minora (protective folds of skin), clitoris (erectile tissue and sensory organ), and vestibule (area surrounding the vaginal and urethral openings).

32
Q

Mammary Glands

A

o Present in both males and females but functional only in females.
o Produce milk to nourish the newborn, consisting of lobules containing alveoli that produce milk when stimulated by hormones after childbirth.

33
Q

Hormones Involved in Ovulation

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

34
Q

Hormones Regulating Pregnancy

A

-Progesterone
-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG):
-Estrogen

35
Q

Progesterone for pregnacy

A

o Initially produced by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta.
o Maintains the endometrial lining to support the developing embryo, inhibits uterine contractions, and prepares the uterus for potential implantation.

36
Q
  1. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG):
A

o Produced by the developing embryo shortly after implantation and later by the placenta.
o Maintains the corpus luteum, ensuring continued progesterone production in early pregnancy.

37
Q

Hormones Regulating the Menstrual Cycle

A
  1. FSH and LH:
  2. Estrogen
  3. Progesterone
38
Q
  1. FSH and LH:
A

o FSH promotes follicle growth, and LH is essential for triggering ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.
o Fluctuations in FSH and LH levels drive the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

39
Q

Know the three stages of the endometrial cycle

A
  1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5)
  2. Proliferative (Pre-Ovulatory) Phase (Days 6–14)
  3. Secretory (Post-Ovulatory) Phase (Days 15–28)
40
Q
  1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5)
A
  • What Happens: The functional layer of the endometrium, which built up in the previous cycle, is shed.
  • Hormones: Estrogen and progesterone levels are at their lowest, causing the shedding.
  • Result: Menstrual bleeding occurs as the endometrial lining is sloughed off.
41
Q
  1. Proliferative (Pre-Ovulatory) Phase (Days 6–14)
A
  • What Happens: The endometrium begins to regenerate and thicken.
  • Hormones: Rising estrogen levels from the developing ovarian follicles stimulate the growth of the endometrium.
  • Result: The endometrium rebuilds, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries proliferate, preparing the uterus for potential implantation. This phase ends with ovulation around day 14.
42
Q
  1. Secretory (Post-Ovulatory) Phase (Days 15–28)
A
  • What Happens: The endometrium continues to thicken and becomes more glandular and vascularized to support a fertilized egg if implantation occurs.
  • Hormones: Progesterone, produced by the corpus luteum, maintains and further develops the endometrial lining.
  • Result: The endometrium is primed for embryo implantation. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels drop, leading to the breakdown of the endometrium and the start of a new menstrual cycle.
43
Q

Know the purpose of the corpus luteum

A

hormone production, support early pregnancy, degeneration in no pregnacy

44
Q
  1. Hormone Production:
A

o After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum.
o It secretes progesterone and some estrogen.
o Progesterone is crucial for maintaining the thickened endometrial lining, creating a supportive environment for a potential fertilized egg.

45
Q
  1. Support for Early Pregnancy:
A

o If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone, which sustains the endometrial lining and prevents menstruation.
o This support continues until the placenta develops enough (around the 10th to 12th week of pregnancy) to take over hormone production.

46
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions