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Epidemiology > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What study applies for UK census?

A

Cross sectional

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2
Q

What study applies for following a group of men over 30y to check onset of disease?

A

Cohort

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3
Q

What study applies for seeing effect of smoking and MS?

A

Case-control

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4
Q

What study applies for a study done on 5 ppl in Hong Kong?

A

Case report

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5
Q

What study applies for checking the effectiveness of diabetic treatment?

A

Randomised Control Trial

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6
Q

What is the most appropriate method for showing result of meta analysis?

A

Forest plot

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7
Q

What is the most appropriate method for showing heterogeneity?

A

Galbraith plot

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8
Q

What is the most appropriate method for showing publication bias?

A

Funnel plot

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9
Q

What can choosing certain publications from reviews lead to?

A

Publication bias

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10
Q

What is the most appropriate word to describe not adjusted from confounders?

A

Crude

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11
Q

What is the most appropriate word to describe if results have occurred due to chance?

A

P-value

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12
Q

What is the most appropriate word for health promotion approach for vaccination?

A

Clinical intervention

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13
Q

What is the most appropriate word for health promotion approach for national fruit scheme?

A

Public policy

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14
Q

What is the most appropriate word for health promotion approach for helping ethnic groups?

A

Community development

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15
Q

What is the most appropriate word for health promotion approach for doing plays in schools?

A

Health education

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16
Q

What is the most appropriate word for health promotion approach for nicotine therapy sessions for those trying to stop smoking?

A

Clinical intervention (?)

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17
Q

Are infectious diseases the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa?

A

T

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18
Q

Is chicken pox one of the 6 most common causes of death worldwide?

A

F

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19
Q

Is malaria one of the 6 most common causes of death worldwide?

A

T

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20
Q

Due to epidemiological transition the burden of developing countries is set to worsen?

A

F

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21
Q

The best indicator of burden of infectious disease is no. of deaths?

A

F (incidence?)

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22
Q

What information does a 95% CI provide?

A

Helps to determine if a statistical association between exposure and disease could have occurred by chance

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23
Q

What is the statistical association between an exposure and disease expressed as?

A

Relative risk (cohort studies) OR Odds ratio (case-control studies)

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24
Q

If exposure and disease are statistically associated this means exposure causes disease?

A

F - association doesn’t imply causation

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25
Q

In hierarchy of evidence case controls provide stronger evidence than cohort?

A

F - other way round

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26
Q

What is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence?

A

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

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27
Q

EBM has replaced clinical decision making over the last 30 y?

A

F - used as a TOOL

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28
Q

Association being assessed is less likely to be causal if its consistent with evidence from animal experiments and known biological mechanisms

A

F - more likely, as its consistent and palusible

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29
Q

Lack of consistency between results from no. of studies using different study designs in different popn excludes causal association

A

F

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30
Q

Strong association as measured by magnitude of relative risk is more likely to be causal than weak association

A

T

31
Q

For putative risk factor to be a cause of disease it has to precede the disease

A

T

32
Q

If increasing levels of an exposure lead to ^ risk of disease - dose-response relationship found - it provides further evidence of causality

A

T

33
Q

Presence of bias in observational studies of effect of an exposure on disease risk implies: systematic difference between observed association (between exposure/disease) and hypothesised association (between exposure/disease)

A

F

34
Q

Presence of bias in observational studies of effect of an exposure on disease risk implies: systematic difference between true association (between exposure/disease) and hypothesised association (between exposure/disease)

A

T

35
Q

Presence of bias in observational studies of effect of an exposure on disease risk implies estimated relative risk associated with exposure is inaccurate

A

T

36
Q

Presence of bias in observational studies of effect of an exposure on disease risk implies that there are missing values in response (disease outcome) measurements

A

F

37
Q

Presence of bias in observational studies of effect of an exposure on disease risk implies there are missing values in exposure measurements

A

T

38
Q

Which studies are observational studies of effect of exposure on disease risk?

A

Case control, cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, ecological

39
Q

Is this study design experimental: Study of prevalence of Down’s syndrome in babies born between 1995-2000

A

F

40
Q

Is this study design experimental: Comparison of glycaemic control (measured by plasma glycosylated Hb levels) of patients w/T2D, who were treated w/drug A/B in a RCT

A

T

41
Q

Is this study design experimental: Study to assess effect of regular exercise on risk of CHD by randomly allocating some patients to take part in supervised exercise prog and others to take no additional exercise

A

T

42
Q

Is this study design experimental: comparison of fasting glucose levels in patients w/T2D registered at a GP who were treated with 2 daily insulin therapy alone OR 2 DIT and a new drug that claims to boost no. of insulin producing cells in pancreas. Data on treatment regime were obtained from GPs record

A

F

43
Q

Is this study design experimental: exercise and collecting info on exercise via a questionnaire as part of health and lifestyle survey

A

F

44
Q

Prospective cohort studies are necessary to estimate prevalence of disease

A

F

45
Q

Prospective cohort studies can’t measure incidence

A

F

46
Q

Prospective cohort studies can be subject to bias from healthy worker effect

A

T

47
Q

Prospective cohort studies are where subjects are followed over time to determine frequency of occurrence of disease under study

A

T

48
Q

Prospective cohort studies select subjects for inclusion on bias of current disease status

A

F

49
Q

New test being developed to screen for osteoporosis cf the gold standard in a popn of women >65yo: +ve/O:60, +ve/NO:10, -ve/O:40, -ve/NO:90
Women who screen -ve can be reassured that they don’t have osteoporosis

A

F

50
Q

New test being developed to screen for osteoporosis cf the gold standard in a popn of women >65yo: +ve/O:60, +ve/NO:10, -ve/O:40, -ve/NO:90
Sensitivity of screening test is 40/100?

A

F - 60/100

51
Q

New test being developed to screen for osteoporosis cf the gold standard in a popn of women >65yo: +ve/O:60, +ve/NO:10, -ve/O:40, -ve/NO:90
There is sufficient information that this is a useful screening test for the general popn?

A

F

52
Q

New test being developed to screen for osteoporosis cf the gold standard in a popn of women >65yo: +ve/O:60, +ve/NO:10, -ve/O:40, -ve/NO:90
Specificity for the test is 90/100

A

T

53
Q

New test being developed to screen for osteoporosis cf the gold standard in a popn of women >65yo: +ve/O:60, +ve/NO:10, -ve/O:40, -ve/NO:90
Positive predictive value of the screening test is 60/70

A

T

54
Q

In health promotion: if disease is rare then popn based approach is usually warranted?

A

F

55
Q

In health promotion: treating High BP is form of 2ry prevention

A

T

56
Q

In health promotion: 3ry prevention is always preferable to other forms

A

F

57
Q

In health promotion: popn approach to vaccination is most cost effective way of protecting children from measles

A

T

58
Q

In health promotion: screening may be 1ry or 2ry prevention

A

F - primordial/1ry (?)

59
Q

Phase IV clinical trials are post-marketing studies that aim to provide additional info on drug’s risk, benefits and optimal use

A

T

60
Q

Clinical trials are only experimental designs in epidemiology

A

T

61
Q

Clinical trials assign participants randomly to intervention and control groups for ethical reasons

A

F

62
Q

Clinical trials often involve double blinding

A

T

63
Q

Phase II Clinical trials aim to determine the metabolic and pharmacological actions of drugs in humans and max tolerated dose

A

F (phase I)

64
Q

In Meta analyses the random effects model should be used when its reasonable to assume that the underlying treatment effect is the same in all studies that are part of meta analysis

A

F

65
Q

Meta analyses should contain clearly defined eligibility criteria for the studies chosen to be included

A

T

66
Q

Meta analyses: publication bias refers to greater likelihood of research that hasn’t found a significant result to be published in a peer review literature compared to research that has found a significant result

A

F

67
Q

Meta analyses vs systematic reviews main difference is that MA involves a quantitative method to calculate an overall summary effect of a treatment/exposure

A

T

68
Q

Meta analyses are original research studies

A

F

69
Q

A: Health promotion initiatives in UK include a sure start programme that provides effective parenting sessions for teenage parents on council estates
R: Health promotion initiatives can include an educational component

A

A: T
R: T
Reasoning is correct

70
Q

A: Attributable risk is especially useful in evaluating the impact of introduction or removal of risk factors
R: attributable risk will be the incidence of disease in exposed/incidence of disease in unexposed

A

A: T
R: F

71
Q

A: Findings from case control study can attribute evidence of temporal sequence of events between exposure and disease
R: Bradford-Hill criteria for causality include temporal sequence of events between exposure and disease

A

A: F
R: T

72
Q

Researcher following group of 100 vegetarians and 200 non veg for heart disease, incidence report a relative risk of 0.8 and 95% CI of 0.6-0.9
A: Veg were significantly less likely to develop heart disease than non veg
R: Where CI don’t include 1, chance can be excluded as a likely explanation of findings

A

A: T
R: T
Reason is correct

73
Q

A: Meta analyses is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence
R: MA combines results from individual studies to produce an overall effect estimate that is more reliable and precise

A

A: T
R: T
Reason is correct

Epidemiology (8 decks)

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