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Epidemiology > Lecture 1 - Non-infectious diseases - CVD and stroke > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Non-infectious diseases - CVD and stroke Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiological transition?

A

Changes in level and causes of mortality > decline of total mortality - decreasing mortality of infectious and deficiency diseases you increase the relative role of non-communicable diseases - cancer/CVD

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2
Q

What is epidemiological transition affected by?

A

Socio-economic status, demographic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes

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3
Q

What diseases have disappeared, appeared and re-emerged?

A

Smallpox -disappeared
HIV - appeared
TB - re-emerged

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4
Q

What is the change in stomach cancer and lung cancer?

A

Stomach: decrease
Lung: rise and fall

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5
Q

What has stroke shifted to?

A

Stroke > heart disease

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6
Q

How many deaths worldwide has CVS caused in 2010?

A

15.6 million - 29.5% of all deaths in 2010

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7
Q

What are the main diseases in CVD epidemiology?

A

CHD and stroke, rank 1st and 2nd amongst cause-specific mortality worldwide

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8
Q

Where do most CVD deaths occur?

A

In developing world rather than developed

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9
Q

Why is the burden of non-communicable disease likely to rise?

A

Demographic (aging popn) and epidemiological transitions

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10
Q

Where is there low incidence of mortality from CHD?

A

Japan, UK and western countries

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11
Q

Where is there high incidence of mortality from CHD?

A

Formerly socialist economies of Europe and Middle East

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12
Q

In which sex are rates for CHD higher?

A

MEN> women (although gap shrinking in some countries)

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13
Q

Where has there been a rise in CHD and stroke mortality?

A

Formerly socialist economies of Europe and South Asia - declining in many countries

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14
Q

What factors do the epidemiological patterns indicate underlie the variation of CVD risk worldwide?

A

Environmental > genetic

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15
Q

What are the 3 main risk factors for CVD?

A 
High BP
Tobacco smoking
High serum cholesterol levels
Obesity
Underweight and unsafe sex
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16
Q

What worldwide trends will increase the burden of non-communicable disease e.g. metabolic disorders and diabetes?

A

Overweight and obesity

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17
Q

How many deaths worldwide are caused by cancer in 2010?

A

> 25% of deaths in many countries
15.1% of deaths worldwide
8 million people

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18
Q

How many of these cases are more likely to occur in less developed countries?

A

60%

19
Q

Which cancers are the most commonly diagnosed?

A

Lung, breast and colorectal

20
Q

Which cancers are the most common cause of death?

A

Lung, liver and stomach

21
Q

What happens to cancer rates in migrants?

A

They converge towards local cancer rates over time - due to modifiable risk factors

22
Q

How many cancers are preventable?

A

One third - through number of lifestyle and environmental approaches

23
Q

What is the largest preventable cause of cancer in the world?

A

SMOKING

24
Q

How many years can cancer take to appear and why is this relevant?

A

20 years - so current cancer rates are affected by changes and exposures that took place in the past

25
Q

What are the major carcinogens?

A

Tobacco
Alcohol
Air pollution
Occupational agents

26
Q

What is the concern of clinical medicine?

A

Cases of disease and disease burden for individual

27
Q

What is the concern of epidemiology?

A

Disease rates and burden of disease in populations

28
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified popn and the application of this study to control health problems

29
Q

How are epidemiological trends measured?

A

Time - rate/popn over time period
Person - age (adjusted to remove effect of aging popn), gender, race
Place - country

30
Q

How many strokes and HD cases are attributable to raised BP?

A

62% of all strokes

49% of all HD

31
Q

What are the estimates for both CHD and stroke in developing countries?

A

Doubling mortality so approx. 69% and 76% of all deaths from these causes worldwide

32
Q

How have number of cancer diagnoses reduced?

A

Pap smears, cigarette smoking reduction, HPV vaccine

33
Q

What are the probabilities of cancer?

A

1 in 2 men, 1 in 3 women

34
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases

35
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of cases at a particular time

36
Q

What is mortality?

A

Number of deaths

37
Q

How do changes in mortality an incidence over time reflect?

A

Changes in exposure, diagnosis, screening, treatment (only mortality)

38
Q

For which cancers has mortality rate fallen?

A

Most, particularly stomach and cervical

39
Q

How many cancer deaths due to smoking?

A

1 in 4

40
Q

How many lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking?

A

90% in males

80% in females

41
Q

By how much does smoking cessation decrease life risk for lung cancer?

A

Stopping at 30 decreases risk of lung cancer mortality by 10%

42
Q

What are the avoidable causes of cancer?

A

Tobacco, alcohol, reproductive and sexual behaviour, occupation, pollution, medicine, geophysical factors, infection, diet

43
Q

Where does arsenic cause cancer?

A

Skin, lungs urinary bladder and kidney

Also causes thickening and pigmentation change of the skin

44
Q

Infections by viruses, bacteria and parasites causes how many cancers worldwide?

A

18% of worldwide cancers

4% of cancer in UK

Epidemiology (8 decks)

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