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Epidemiology > Lecture 7 - Disease Prevention II - Health Promotion > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Disease Prevention II - Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the WHO definition of health?

A

A resource for everyday life, not objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasising social and personal resources, as well as physical capabilities

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2
Q

What is the definition of public health?

A

Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

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3
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

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4
Q

What does health promotion represent?

A

Comprehensive social and political process

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5
Q

What actions does health promotion carry out?

A

Directed at strengthening skills/capabilities of individuals, Changing social/environmental/economic conditions to alleviate impact on public/individual health

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6
Q

What is essential to sustain health promotion action?

A

Participation

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7
Q

What does health promotion involve?

A

Clinical intervention (biomedical), Health education (traditional type health promotion (knowledge, attitude, behaviour, practice)), Healthy public policy (legal/fiscal/regulatory), community development (radical individuals setting their own agenda)

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8
Q

How can we see changes in the health of the popn?

A

Several determinants of health need to be addressed simultaneously

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9
Q

What is the Tannahill model?

A

Model for health promotion: Prevention, Protection and Education, all overlapping

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of prevention in the prevention circle in the Tannahill model?

A

Primordial, Primary, secondary, tertiary

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11
Q

Describe in more detail primordial prevention

A

Prevention of factors promoting emergence of lifestyle/behaviours/exposure that contribute to ^ risk of disease

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12
Q

Describe in more detail primary prevention

A

Actions preventing onset of disease, limiting exposure to RF by individual behaviour change and actions in community inc. Health promotion and specific protection

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13
Q

Describe in more detail secondary prevention

A

Halt progression once illness has established, early detection followed by prompt/effective treatment - special consideration of asymptomatic individuals

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14
Q

Describe in more detail tertiary prevention

A

Rehab of ppl with established disease to minimise residual disability/complications - qual of life action even if disease can’t be cured

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15
Q

What are the 2 main approaches to disease prevention?

A

High risk and popn

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16
Q

What is the high risk approach to disease prevention?

A

ID those in need - targeted rescue operation - then controlling exposure (reducing dust mites in house fr asthma)/providing protection against exposure (vaccination)

17
Q

What is the population approach to disease prevention?

A

Recognition that the occurrence of common diseases and exposures reflect the behaviour and circumstances of society as a whole

18
Q

What is the prevention paradox?

A

Many people exposed to a small risk may generate more disease than the few exposed to large risk->small benefit received by many ppl=total benefit is large BUT individual inconvenience may be high to the many when benefit may only be to a few

19
Q

What are the strengths of a high risk approach?

A

Effective, efficient, Benefit:risk is favourable, appropriate to individual, easy to evaluate

20
Q

What are the weaknesses of a high risk approach?

A

Palliative and temporary (large no. of disease missed), risk prediction isn’t accurate, limited potential, hard to change individual behaviours

21
Q

What are the strengths of a popn approach?

A

Equitable (attributable risk may be high if lots of ppl exposed to low risk), Radical, large potential for popn, behavourally appropriate

22
Q

What are the weaknesses of a popn approach?

A

Small adv to individual, poor motivation of subject/physician, benefit:risk worrisome

23
Q

Where can health promotion operate?

A

Internationally, nationally (gov, ads, media), locally (GPs, hospitals, local authority, police, schools), individually (support groups, neighbourhood schemes, communities)

24
Q

Who does health promotion impact upon?

A

Popn, community and individual

25
Q

Give an example of Health promotion role of doctors working with individuals

A

Smoking cessation: NICE guidelines, motivational interviewing, support for cessation, prescription of NRT and Zyban, referral to specialist services

26
Q

How do doctors play a role in broader health promotion?

A

Writing/speaking to politicians (lobbying), letters to the press (media advocacy), influencing decision makers

27
Q

What type of wider health promotion occurs on smoking?

A

Higher taxes, NRT on prescription, ban on tobacco ads, smoke-free public and work places

28
Q

What is the Wanless report?

A

Report written by banker about the unsustainable disease burden, so NHS has to operate a fully engaged scenario, focus on prevention/wider determinants of health, cost effectiveness of actions to improve health/reduce inequalities

29
Q

What health priorities were chosen in the Wanless report?

A

Smoking, alcohol, obesity, sexual health, teen preg, MH - also choosing between better diet (food+health action plan) or activity (physical activity action plan)

30
Q

What was the Marmot review?

A

A response to the commission on social determinants of health, stating 6 policy objectives

31
Q

What were the 6 policy objectives mentioned in the Marmot review?

A

Give every child the best start in life, Enable all children/young ppl/adults
to max their capabilities/have
control over their lives, Create fair employment/good work for all, Ensure healthy standard of living, Create/develop healthy/sustainable
places/communities, Strengthen role and impact of ill health
prevention

32
Q

What are the key public health programmes?

A

Smoking cessation, alcohol harm reduction strategy, sexual health, tackling teen preg/obesity, immunisation prog

33
Q

Describe the smoking cessation campaign actions

A

Legislation, Taxation, Media campaigns, School activities, Healthy workplaces, One-to-one support, Smoking Cessation clinics, NRT, Group sessions

34
Q

What is the national alcohol strategy?

A

End sales of cheapest alcohol, strengthen ban on irresponsible promotions in pubs/clubs, challenge alcohol industry to support local partnerships/promote+display alcohol responsibly, provide action at local level to strengthen partnerships, introduce no. of changes to improve licensing system

35
Q

How is sexual health being improved?

A

Free National chlamydia screening programme- est. 2003 (early detection/treatment preventing disease transmission)

36
Q

How is teen preg being reduced?

A

Info/advice/support, accessible ppl sex/reproductive health services, improving access to/use of effective contraception when needed, intervening with those most at risk, improving outcomes for teen parents and their children

37
Q

How is childhood obesity being reduced?

A

National Child Measurement Programme: annual prog to measure height/weight of all children in reception/Y6 - Change4life campaign raising awareness of lifestyle choices

Epidemiology (8 decks)

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