Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Epidemiology > Lecture 2 - AIDS and Global Health > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - AIDS and Global Health Flashcards

1
Q

How can the measure of incidence be interpreted?

A

Probability or risk that an individual will develop the disease within a specific time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?

A

Incidence measures new cases/events, prevalence measures all cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is prevalence dependent upon?

A

Incidence and duration of disease (until die or recover)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the equation for mortality?

A

Number of deaths from disease over time period/popn at start of time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are mortality rates generally expressed?

A

Deaths per 1000 individuals per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Number of cases of ill health, complications, side effects attributed to a particular condition over a particular time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which country has the highest death rate?

A

Swaziland - 30.83 deaths per 1000 ppl per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the next most countries with the highest death rate?

A

Angola, Lesotho, Sierra Leone, Zambia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the leading causes of death?

A

Heart disease, cerebro-vascular disease, respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In third world countries, what percentage of mortality is caused by malnutrition and deficiencies?

A

58%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What infectious diseases cause more than 90% of infectious disease deaths?

A

LRTI, HIV/AIDS, Diarrhoeal diseases, TB, Malaria, Measels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa?

A

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is prevalence of HIV increasing?

A

Anti-retroviral therapy so more people living with HIV, so less exit the “pool”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do we standardise death rate by age?

A

Because measuring how many die each year and why they died is important in assessing effectiveness of a country’s health system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many people die each year?

A

57 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many of the people that die each year are children under 5?

A

15% (7.6 million) - most of these are preventable but take place in low-middle income countries

17
Q

Outline the success and challenges faced due to AIDS epidemic?

A

Every person put on treatment, 5 are newly infected

There is a decline in HIV prevalence in pregnant women

18
Q

How is HIV being prevented?

A

Safer sex, safer injection practices, condom use, male circumcision

19
Q

What scientific methods are available for use in epidemiology?

A

Immunological and disease surveillance, mathematical and statistical methods, clinical epidemiological studies, household and community based studies, new methods in epi (e.g. phylogenetics, bioengineering, web-based surveillance)

20
Q

How is the world changing?

A

Popn growth - ^ popn=^ transmission per unit time
Feeding/water - ^ popn= ^ food demand
Increasing travel methods - allows wider transmission of infectious diseases from around the world
Global spread - global connective patterns so highly transmissible resp. infections can be transmitted globally over a short time

21
Q

What are the recent cases of epidemics?

A

West nile virus, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, anthrax, H5N1, SARS, Malaria, HIV, Neglected tropical diseases

22
Q

How did the WNV epidemic work?

A

1st reported in US ‘99
>19000 cases of human illness, inc. > 750 deaths by mid 2009
Bird> mosquito> human

23
Q

How did the BSE epidemic occur?

A

Spread from cow>cow via meat and bone material in feed> humans transmitting vCJD when contaminated beef consumed

24
Q

How did Anthrax come about?

A

Bio weapons and occurred in 2001, 22 diagnosed
11 contracted cutaneous form and survived, 11 became ill via inhalation w/5 deaths
Due to Bacillus anthacis

25
Q

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

A

Morbidity is the state of being diseased or unhealthy within a popn, morbidity is an incidence of ill health in a popn - Mortality is no of ppl who died in a popn, the incidence of deaths

26
Q

How is morbidity measured?

A

Assigned to ill patients with help of systems -> APACHE II, SAPS II/III, GCS, PIM2, SOFA

27
Q

What do morbidity scores help to happen?

A

Decide the kind of treatment or medicine that should be given to the patient

28
Q

What is predicted morbidity?

A

Morbidity of patients and is useful in comparing 2 sets of patients/different time points in hospital

29
Q

What is a ‘case’ of the disease?

A

A person who has the disease, health disorder or suffers the event of interest - not necessarily the same as the clinical definition

30
Q

Why is point prevalence called so?

A

Frequency of a disease in a popn at a point in time

Epidemiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions