Lecture 2 - AIDS and Global Health Flashcards
How can the measure of incidence be interpreted?
Probability or risk that an individual will develop the disease within a specific time period
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Incidence measures new cases/events, prevalence measures all cases
What is prevalence dependent upon?
Incidence and duration of disease (until die or recover)
What is the equation for mortality?
Number of deaths from disease over time period/popn at start of time period
How are mortality rates generally expressed?
Deaths per 1000 individuals per year
What is morbidity?
Number of cases of ill health, complications, side effects attributed to a particular condition over a particular time period
Which country has the highest death rate?
Swaziland - 30.83 deaths per 1000 ppl per year
What are the next most countries with the highest death rate?
Angola, Lesotho, Sierra Leone, Zambia
What are the leading causes of death?
Heart disease, cerebro-vascular disease, respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, COPD
In third world countries, what percentage of mortality is caused by malnutrition and deficiencies?
58%
What infectious diseases cause more than 90% of infectious disease deaths?
LRTI, HIV/AIDS, Diarrhoeal diseases, TB, Malaria, Measels
What is the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa?
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Why is prevalence of HIV increasing?
Anti-retroviral therapy so more people living with HIV, so less exit the “pool”
Why do we standardise death rate by age?
Because measuring how many die each year and why they died is important in assessing effectiveness of a country’s health system
How many people die each year?
57 million
How many of the people that die each year are children under 5?
15% (7.6 million) - most of these are preventable but take place in low-middle income countries
Outline the success and challenges faced due to AIDS epidemic?
Every person put on treatment, 5 are newly infected
There is a decline in HIV prevalence in pregnant women
How is HIV being prevented?
Safer sex, safer injection practices, condom use, male circumcision
What scientific methods are available for use in epidemiology?
Immunological and disease surveillance, mathematical and statistical methods, clinical epidemiological studies, household and community based studies, new methods in epi (e.g. phylogenetics, bioengineering, web-based surveillance)
How is the world changing?
Popn growth - ^ popn=^ transmission per unit time
Feeding/water - ^ popn= ^ food demand
Increasing travel methods - allows wider transmission of infectious diseases from around the world
Global spread - global connective patterns so highly transmissible resp. infections can be transmitted globally over a short time
What are the recent cases of epidemics?
West nile virus, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, anthrax, H5N1, SARS, Malaria, HIV, Neglected tropical diseases
How did the WNV epidemic work?
1st reported in US ‘99
>19000 cases of human illness, inc. > 750 deaths by mid 2009
Bird> mosquito> human
How did the BSE epidemic occur?
Spread from cow>cow via meat and bone material in feed> humans transmitting vCJD when contaminated beef consumed
How did Anthrax come about?
Bio weapons and occurred in 2001, 22 diagnosed
11 contracted cutaneous form and survived, 11 became ill via inhalation w/5 deaths
Due to Bacillus anthacis
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
Morbidity is the state of being diseased or unhealthy within a popn, morbidity is an incidence of ill health in a popn - Mortality is no of ppl who died in a popn, the incidence of deaths
How is morbidity measured?
Assigned to ill patients with help of systems -> APACHE II, SAPS II/III, GCS, PIM2, SOFA
What do morbidity scores help to happen?
Decide the kind of treatment or medicine that should be given to the patient
What is predicted morbidity?
Morbidity of patients and is useful in comparing 2 sets of patients/different time points in hospital
What is a ‘case’ of the disease?
A person who has the disease, health disorder or suffers the event of interest - not necessarily the same as the clinical definition
Why is point prevalence called so?
Frequency of a disease in a popn at a point in time
